Fig. 2

Protective effect of SA-EE against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. HT22 cells were exposed to 5 mM glutamate alone or glutamate in combination with different concentrations of SA-EE for 14 h before staining with DCFH-DA probe. H₂O₂-treated cells were used as a positive control. Intracellular ROS production was measured using a fluorescent plate reader (a). Representative fluorescence micrographs of the cells stained with DCFH-DA was observed under a fluorescence microscope (b). All data are shownas the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. ^### P < 0.001 vs. control; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. glutamate alone