Fig. 1

Bacterial growth kinetics of P. gingivalis (a) and F. nucleatum (b) during 48 h and 24 h incubation, respectively. Six experimental groups were compared for each bacterial strain: two control groups (Neem-free bacterial suspensions, containing ethanol or PBS), and six Neem leaf extract groups with increasing concentrations, expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). n = 6 for each experimental group. * P < 0.005, two-way ANOVA vs. PBS and ethanol groups