Metabolites | Chemical shifts | VIP value | Changes in HDG | DG | NG | MG | LDG | HDG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | 5.22 3.89 | 1.75 1.63 | DOWN | 386.2 ± 11.8a | 150.4 ± 13.6d | 175.8 ± 4.3c | 260.5 ± 9.7b | 171.3 ± 2.8cd |
Pyruvate | 3.37 | 1.34 | - | 0.91 ± 0.15b | 1.77 ± 0.17a | 1.50 ± 0.16ab | 1.15 ± 0.13ab | 1.46 ± 0.06ab |
Lactate | 1.32 | 0.90 | UP | 18.55 ± 6.45c | 51.21 ± 2.63a | 44.72 ± 5.33a | 25.76 ± 3.24bc | 30.07 ± 1.61b |
Formate | 8.44 | 0.47 | UP | 0.27 ± 0.02d | 0.79 ± 0.13a | 0.54 ± 0.05bc | 0.35 ± 0.03cd | 0.61 ± 0.05ab |
2-oxoglutarate | 2.42 | 2.26 | UP | 0.98 ± 0.06c | 3.96 ± 1.27a | 2.63 ± 0.14ab | 1.67 ± 0.13bc | 2.78 ± 0.15ab |
Succinate | 2.40 | 2.54 | UP | 0.62 ± 0.10b | 1.48 ± 0.35a | 1.21 ± 0.14a | 0.97 ± 0.23ab | 1.19 ± 0.06a |
Acetate | 1.91 | 0.61 | - | 1.13 ± 0.05a | 1.56 ± 0.10a | 1.27 ± 0.15a | 1.16 ± 0.14a | 1.32 ± 0.12a |
Acetoacetate | 3.42 | 3.40 | DOWN | 51.47 ± 5.0a | 27.56 ± 1.02b | 29.24 ± 4.49b | 42.0 ± 5.11a | 25.98 ± 1.65b |
3-HB | 1.2 | 5.50 | DOWN | 43.55 ± 6.76a | 6.53 ± 0.68b | 11.03 ± 0.83b | 14.49 ± 1.19b | 7.87 ± 0. 53b |
Choline | 3.52 | 2.34 | DOWN | 40.30 ± 2.71a | 18.96 ± 1.22 c | 24.90 ± 0.35bc | 30.92 ± 4.09b | 19.66 ± 1.55c |
allantoin | 5.38 | 0.98 | - | 0.91 ± 0.05b | 1.54 ± 0.16a | 1.18 ± 0.13ab | 0.99 ± 0.15ab | 1.15 ± 0.10ab |
Creatine | 3.91 | 1.43 | DOWN | 12.90 ± 2.20a | 9.34 ± 0.59b | 11.55 ± 1.20ab | 12.67 ± 0.30a | 8.71 ± 0.84b |
glutamine | 3.77 | 2.12 | - | 33.54 ± 6.23a | 32.067 ± 1.71a | 27.60 ± 3.09a | 33.86 ± 1.52a | 28.30 ± 1.70a |
Leucine | 0.95 | 0.87 | UP | 0.84 ± 0.07b | 1.45 ± 0.17a | 1.41 ± 0.07a | 0.87 ± 0.05b | 1.38 ± 0.09 a |
isoleucine | 1.0 | 0.57 | UP | 1.35 ± 0.13b | 2.50 ± 0.25a | 2.32 ± 0.18a | 1.43 ± 0.20b | 2.26 ± 0.16a |
hippurate | 3.95 | 0.63 | UP | 2.36 ± 0.06c | 8.57 ± 0.54a | 4.54 ± 0.36b | 3.12 ± 0.41c | 4.90 ± 0.26b |