Fig. 3

Changes in the levels of Ki67 protein, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) induced by GSE. a Immunohistochemistry of Ki67. b Numbers of Ki67-positive cells. c Relative expression levels of HGF, VEGF, and TGF-β1 in GSE-treated hDPCs. The fold changes were normalized to the expression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; the values are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Values sharing the same superscript letters differ significantly at p < 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test. NC: negative control of hDPCs treated with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; PC: positive control of hDPCs treated with 10 μM minoxidil; GSE: hDPCs treated with 19.5 ppm GSE