Fig. 3

Immunohistochemistry for DCX in the dentate gyrus of treated rats. Images of doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining in rats treated with vehicle (a, b), Dendropanax morbifera Léveille stem extract (DMS; c, d), cadmium alone (Cd; e, f), cadmium and DMS (Cd-DMS; g, h), and cadmium and galantamine (Cd-GAL; i, j). In the vehicle-treated group, DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts are observed in the subgranular zone with well-developed dendrites (arrows) extending into the molecular layer (ML). Note that there are few DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts in the Cd-treated group, and they have poorly developed dendrites. In the Cd-DMS-treated and Cd-GAL-treated groups, there are abundant DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts and their dendrites are well developed. GCL, granule cell layer; PoL, polymorphic layer. Scale bar = 100 μm (a, c, e, g, and i) and 33 μm (b, d, f, h, and j)