|
Adams et al., 2003 [27]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Women
|
41,817
|
9
|
Higher CM use by non-urban women. CM use in older women used CM in conjunction with medication for chronic disease. >97 % consulted with a CM practitioner.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Adams et al., 2005 [75]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Middle age women
|
11,202
|
8
|
15.7 % cancer patients consulted with a naturopath/herbalist. CM users consulted with both CM & conventional practitioners. CM users were more likely rural residents & have school education only (49 %).
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Adams et al., 2007 [47]
|
Longitudinal survey
|
Middle aged women
|
11,202
|
9
|
8.7 % women consulted with a naturopath, 1.4 % consulted with an herbalist. CM users more likely in non-urban areas (63 %) compared to 37 % in urban areas. Women who used naturopath also used conventional practitioners more frequently.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Adams et al., 2011 [49]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Middle aged women
|
10,638
|
8
|
Women who consulted with a CM practitioner experienced more symptoms. Women with diploma or university education use CM more than non-CM users & more likely to reside in urban areas. No difference in consultation numbers between CM users & non-CM users for chiropractic, osteopathy, acupuncture & naturopathy.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Adams et al., 2012 [55]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Self-reported depression
|
7,164
|
6
|
62 % of women used both conventional practitioners & CM (chiropractor 18 %, osteopathy 7 %, massage therapy 44 %, acupuncture 9 %, & naturopath 22 %).
| | |
X
|
X
|
|
Adams et al., 2013 [73]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Middle aged women
|
1,800
|
8
|
63.9 % consulted with a massage therapist, 43 % a chiropractor, & 22.9 % naturopath. Women in rural & outer regional areas used chiropractors more than women in cities who used osteopathy or yoga.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Alderman & Kiepfer, 2003 [86]
|
Structured interviews
|
Psychiatry patients
|
52
|
4
|
51.9 % used CM in preceding 6 months. High use of nutritional supplements (66.7 %), 18.5 % visited a chiropractor. Drivers for use CM surrounded its usefulness with conventional treatment, natural healing & believed in CM philosophy.
| |
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Basedow et al., 2014 [46]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Osteoarthritis patients
|
435
|
7
|
Females were more likely to use CM & > 70 years with a school education. 69 % reported CM use for disease management. 67 % CM users stated CM to be safe & 33 % felt it was effective in pain management.
|
X
|
X
| |
X
|
|
Braun & Cohen, 2011 [59]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Cardiac patients
|
161
|
4
|
No significant difference in age, gender, income or education between CM users & non-CM users. 51 % reported CM use. 71 % used CM to improve health, 30 % disease management, 20 % disease prevention.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Broom et al., 2012a [68]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Middle aged women
|
9,820
|
6
|
33 % consulted with a chiropractor & 40 % massage therapist. 63 % used CM & conventional practitioners. 2 % consulted with a CM practitioner only.
| | |
X
| |
|
Broom et al., 2012b [77]
|
Longitudinal survey
|
Middle aged women
|
10,492
|
6
|
42.4 % of women consulted with a CM practitioner. Women with back pain were more likely to use conventional therapy & CM (44.2 %). Women who consulted with a CM practitioner had better health compared to non-CM users.
| | |
X
| |
|
Brownie, 2006 [71]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Elderly individuals
|
1,263
|
8
|
CM supplement use for arthritis, osteoporosis, hypertension & cardiovascular disease management. Females were more likely to report supplement use.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Buchbinder et al., 2002 [72]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Rheumatoid arthritis patients
|
101
|
6
|
CM users more likely female & > 60 years. 73.3 % used CM, with 31.7 % consulting with a CM practitioner. 25.7 % used CM & conventional therapy for disease management.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Canaway & Manderson, 2013 [28]
|
Mixed methods
|
Diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease
|
2,766
|
9
|
CM users more likely to be > 50 years. 54.5 % reported consulting a CM practitioner & 45.1 % used CM regularly. 42.7 % believed in CM, 39.4 % believed CM was safe, 31.3 % used CM to control their health & 27.8 % preferred CM to other therapies.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Chatfield et al., 2009 [80]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Ankylosing spondylitis patients
|
75
|
8
|
94.7 % CM users more likely female & have university education. 36 % CM users visited a massage therapist (81.5 %), acupuncture (6.7 %), naturopath (6.7 %) & homeopath (5.3 %).
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Correa-Velez et al., 2003 [65]
|
Interviews (design not-specified)
|
Oncology patients
|
111
|
7
|
32 % were CM users with 56 % male & 44 % female, both with higher income. Most consulted practitioners were: reiki practitioner (33 %), a naturopath (27 %), or an integrative practitioner (27 %). 42 % used CM while participating in the study & 64 % CM use over last year.
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Correa-Velez et al., 2005 [66]
|
Interviews (semi-structured)
|
Oncology patients
|
39
|
5
|
82 % of participants were regular CM users. Naturopathy (26 %), massage therapy (21 %) & integrative doctors (15 %) were the most common services used. CM used to survive cancer (67 %) & reduce cancer symptoms (33 %).
| |
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
D’Onise et al., 2013 [31]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
General population
|
1,146
|
8
|
CM users were more likely to have a Bachelor degree, high gross household income, & full time employment. 32 % used CM products, 27 % used CM services. Individuals with chronic disease used CM products more than CM services 32.5 % vs 26.3 %. Services used were chiropractor (24.2 %), alternative therapy (5.4 %), & massage therapy (0.3 %).
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Day, 2002 [82]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Paediatric patients
|
92
|
4
|
No difference in age for CM users to non-CM users. 35.9 % used CM & 98.6 % were prepared to use CM.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Day et al., 2004. [39]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Children with Inflammatory bowel disease
|
46
|
4
|
Mean age of CM users was 11 years with 72 % being CM users. CM drivers related to dissatisfaction with standard care & advice from others. Homeopathy, chiropractic & massage consultations were used by <4 participants.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
De Visser et al., 2000 [56]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
HIV/AIDS patients
|
894
|
5
|
56 % used CM. 45 % use both CM & conventional therapy. Women were more likely to only use CM. No other gender differences in CM use. Majority of CM users used nutritional & herbal supplements & massage therapy.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Dunning, 2003 [38]
|
Focus groups
|
Diabetic patients & practitioners
|
10
|
4
|
80 % were CM users. CM used for non-diabetic reasons. All participants used CM & conventional care for diabetes. Naturopathy & massage services were more likely used.
| | |
X
|
X
|
|
Edwards et al., 2014 [35]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Oncology patients
|
639
|
5
|
Females had higher CM use (88.6 %). 82.9 % used CM during their cancer treatment with 56.3 % using manual therapies. CM users reported CM improved quality of life (42.6 %), supported health (33.6 %), managed cancer symptoms (26.2 %) & believe CM gave them hope.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Feldman & Laura, 2004 [44]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
University students
|
518
|
3
|
81.1 % used CM in the past 2 years. 82.5 % CM users female. Common treatments were relaxation techniques (41.7 %), massage therapy 38.2 %, herbal medicine (37.3 %), & art therapy (32.2 %). Drivers for CM were better results (34.5 %), lifestyle factors (33.1 %) & felt CM had fewer side effects (32.1 %).
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Field et al., 2008 [57]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Women with high breast cancer risk
|
892
|
7
|
55 % reported CM use. 13.7 % used acupuncture, 28.2 % massage therapy, 12.3 % naturopathy & 7 % osteopathy. CM use was noted more in tertiary education & >50 year old individuals who resided in a major city.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Fong & Fong, 2002 [43]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Paediatric inpatients
|
120
|
3
|
33 % used CM. Massage therapies used by 17 %, 46 % naturopath, 29 % chiropractor & 10 % herbalist.
| |
X
|
X
| |
|
Forster et al., 2006 [70]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Pregnant women
|
588
|
8
|
36 % used herbal medicine during pregnancy. No identification of CM services used.
|
X
| | | |
|
Frawley et al., 2013 [29]
|
Longitudinal survey
|
Pregnant women
|
1,835
|
9
|
CM users were more likely to have a university degree, full time employment & higher income compared to non-CM users. 48.1% of women consulted with CM practitioners & 52 % used a CM product during pregnancy. Massage therapy was the most used 34.1 %, followed by chiropractic 16.3 %, acupuncture 0.6 %, naturopathy 7.2 %, osteopathy 6.1 % & doula services 1.4 %.
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
George et al., 2004 [60]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
|
173
|
4
|
41 % were CM users, mean age of 70 years. 55 % of CM users were male. CM used to promote health, reduce side effects & reduce disease progression.
|
X
|
X
| |
X
|
|
Gollschewski et al., 2004 [87]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Menopausal women
|
886
|
8
|
82.5 % CM users. CM users were middle aged (<55 years) & married. 66.8 % of women used nutritional supplements for menopausal management.
|
X
| | | |
|
Heath et al., 2012 [81]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Palliative care in children with cancer
|
96
|
5
|
No significant difference in CM usage in terms of age, family income or education. 30 % used CM at end of life stage. 44 % reported using more than 1 CM therapy.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Hunter et al., 2014 [37]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Radiotherapy patients
|
152
|
6
|
45.4 % CM users. Higher CM use in females & Caucasians. Young individuals more likely to use CM. CM users more likely to have secondary education & lower income. 2.9 % used acupuncture, 17.39 % chiropractor, 26.09 % massage therapy, 2.9 % osteopathy, 5.8 % naturopathy, 2.9 % Chinese Medicine & 1.45 % homeopathy. CM use was more likely in individuals diagnosed with breast, rectum, kidney, endometrium & skin cancers.
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Klafke et al., 2012 [36]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Male cancer patients
|
403
|
7
|
No difference in sociodemographic factors between CM users & non-CM users. 61.5 % used CM while undergoing cancer treatment.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Kremser et al., 2008 [53]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Breast cancer patients
|
367
|
5
|
87.5 % used CM with 65.7 % CM users resided in NSW. CM use related to improving physical health (86.3 %), improving emotional health (86.3 %), supporting immune system (68.8 %), reducing side effects (49.2 %) and reducing the return of breast cancer (39.9 %). 41.4 % used massage therapy, 13.7 % acupuncture and 4.4 % naturopathy.
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Leong et al., 2009 [84]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients
|
428
|
5
|
66.3 % female & 60.3 % male participants used CM. Higher use in rural areas (70.4 %). 72.1 % used CM & conventional therapy for disease management.
|
X
| | |
X
|
|
Lim et al., 2005 [42]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Children
|
503
|
6
|
51 % of children reported CM use with no difference in gender. Most common CM practitioners included 7 % chiropractic, 7 % aromatherapy, 5 % naturopathy, 5 % dietary & 5 % massage.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
MacLennan et al., 2006 [34]
|
Longitudinal study
|
General population
|
3,015
|
7
|
CM users were more likely 35–44 years. 29.3 % of women used CM services compared to males (23.6 %). 52.2 % used CM over the last year. Common practices included chiropractic 16.7 % & naturopathy 5.7 %. CM consultation higher in rural areas (29.4 %).
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Magin et al., 2006 [63]
|
Interviews (semi-structured)
|
Individuals with skin complaints
|
26
|
4
|
Most CM users were female. CM users felt CM was more efficacious than conventional medicine. Consultations were commonly with naturopaths & herbalists.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Mak & Faux, t2010 [52]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Osteoporotic patients
|
202
|
6
|
CM users were more likely female & 67 years old with post-secondary education. 51.5 % used CM for disease management. 19 % consulted with an acupuncturist, 12 % chiropractor/osteopathy, 6 % naturopathy & 2 % massage therapy. Drivers for CM used were holistic (53 %), reducing pain (29 %) & control over health (8.1 %).
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Markovic et al., 2006 [51]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Women with gynaecological cancers
|
53
|
4
|
17 % of women used CM. Most CM users were low income. Acupuncture was the only service used.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Murthy et al., 2014a [74]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Older aged women
|
1,310
|
9
|
Women in rural areas were more likely to use massage therapist. 76.4 % had a CM consultation with 41.4 % consulting with a massage therapist, 37.3 % chiropractor, 13.3 % acupuncture & 8.8 % osteopathy.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Murthy et al., 2014b [95]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Older aged women
|
1,310
|
9
|
Sociodemographics were not associated with CM use. 75.2 % used self-prescribed CM products. Women were more likely to use CM treatments & a conventional practitioner.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
O’Callaghan & Jordan, 2003 [96]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
University students
|
171
|
4
|
CM used more likely female (77 %) & mean age of 29 years. 36.3 % CM users. 72 % consulted with a naturopath, 33 % aromatherapy & 31 % acupuncture.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Patching van der Sluijs et al., 2007 [50]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Menopausal women
|
1,296
|
5
|
53.8 % used CM services or products. 20.3 % consulted with a CM practitioner (7.2 % naturopath & 4.8 % acupuncture, were the most common).
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Rayner et al., 2009 [54]
|
Focus groups
|
Fertility clinic patients & practitioners
|
15
|
3
|
CM used for infertility due to a negative experience from assisted reproductive technologies or participants having a positive experience with CM.
| |
X
| |
X
|
|
Sarris et al., 2010 [76]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Middle & older aged women
|
511
|
5
|
48 % consulted with a CM practitioner. Higher use of CM in 40–64 year olds (56.2 %). Older women consulted with a massage therapist or naturopath. Women who consulted with a practitioner had more health conditions.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Shenfield et al., 2002 [58]
|
Structured interviews
|
Asthmatic children
|
174
|
2
|
51.7 % used CM in past year. 62.1 % currently use CM. 71.2 % used CM for preventative reasons & 17.5 % to improve asthma symptoms. 32 % visited a homeopath & 32 % a naturopath.
| |
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Shorofi & Arbon, 2010 [45]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Hospitalised patients
|
353
|
5
|
90.4 % used CM, with women more likely to use CM. Services used were massage therapy (45 %), chiropractic (39.7 %), herbal medicine (38.2 %), & acupuncture (19.8 %). Rural CM users were more likely to use manual therapies compared to urban users who used biologically based therapies.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Sibbritt et al., 2006 [79]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Middle aged women
|
11,143
|
9
|
16 % CM users consulted with a chiropractor &/or osteopathy were mid-aged. CM users were more likely rural residents & with school education only. Users were more likely to use CM with conventional medicine.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Sibbritt et al., 2013 [62]
|
Longitudinal survey
|
Middle aged women
|
10,287
|
8
|
8.6 % of women used Chinese medicine. Users were more likely to have school education, born in Australia & live in rural or remote areas. Users were also more likely to frequently visit a doctor & Chinese medicine practitioner. Users also used other CM professionals including massage therapy (54 %), naturopathy (50 %), chiropractor (19 %), osteopathy (8 %) & acupuncture (47 %).
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Sinha & Efron, 2005 [40]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
|
75
|
4
|
67.6 % used CM for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 58 % found CM helpful. CM use was associated with reducing side effects (67.4 %), hoping for a cure (66.7 %), reducing symptoms (88.9 %) & additional treatment to conventional therapy (69.7 %). 20 % visited a chiropractor.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Skouteris et al., 2008 [97]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Pregnant women
|
321
|
5
|
Sociodemographics were not different between CM users & non-CM users although CM users reported poorer health. 73.2 % reported CM use of which 29 % used CM for pregnancy related symptoms. 49.5 % consulted with a massage therapist & 5.9 % a naturopath
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Smith & Eckert, 2006 [67]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
General population
|
2,985
|
7
|
18.4 % of children used CM. Most common consultations were chiropractic 34 %, massage therapy 21 %, & homeopathy 10.7 %. CM was used for preventing illness (39 %).
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Smith et al., 2013 [85]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Female family planning patients
|
221
|
6
|
Younger women had less CM use compared to older women. 83 % of women report CM use, 33 % had consultations with a CM practitioner including chiropractic 12.4 %, acupuncture 11 % & 9.5 % naturopathy. CM users (49 %) viewed CM as having more natural benefit, (44 %) better alternative to conventional treatment, (38 %) as effective treatment & (36 %) gives individual control.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Spinks et al., 2014 [83]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease
|
2,915
|
8
|
Females were more likely to use CM & have a higher education & higher income. Chronic disease was associated with increased CM use. Women consulted with acupuncturists, naturopaths, nutritionists, chiropractors, & massage therapists.
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Stankiewicz et al., 2007 [48]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Infertility clinic patients
|
97
|
4
|
66 % CM users, 26 % used CM with conventional medicine. 48 % used CM services, most commonly acupuncture (9 %), naturopathy (17 %) & chiropractic (14 %).
|
X
| |
X
|
X
|
|
Steel et al., 2012 [64]
|
Longitudinal study
|
Pregnant women
|
1,835
|
8
|
49.4 % consulted with a CM practitioner (massage therapy 34.1 %, 16.3 % chiropractor were more common). 22.2 % consulted with both a CM & conventional practitioners.
| | |
X
|
X
|
|
Steel et al., 2014a [98]
|
Longitudinal survey
|
Pregnant women
|
1,835
|
9
|
Women in non-urbans areas were more likely to consult a chiropractor. Women felt CM promoted holistic health & reduced conventional side effects. 53 % of women who used non-pharmacological pain management used a CM practitioner or products (49 %).
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Steel et al., 2014b [99]
|
Longitudinal survey
|
Pregnant women
|
2,445
|
9
|
Chiropractor users were more likely located in non-urban areas & have permanent employment. 49.4 % consulted with a CM practitioner. 74.4 % used non-pharmacological pain management. 60.7 % used CM products or services. 80.7 % consulted with a practitioner. CM users believed CM had fewer side effects & was more natural & offered more control compared to conventional treatment.
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
Trutnovsky et al., 2001 [78]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Sexual health clinic patients
|
63
|
4
|
59 % – 96 % CM use, depending on condition. CM users more likely to be female.
|
X
| |
X
| |
|
Wadhera et al., 2011 [41]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Children
|
98
|
6
|
No difference between CM users & non-CM users regarding age, gender & illness. 67 % used CM previously or currently. 70 % used CM for disease management. Drivers for use surrounded dissatisfaction with conventional treatment, belief in CM, reduce side effects & lack of suitable conventional treatment.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Wilkinson & Simpson, 2001 [32]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Rural residents
|
300
|
7
|
Females were more likely to consult & use CM products. 62.7 % consulted with a CM practitioner. 70.3 % use some form of CM. 68.7 % used CM products. Chiropractors consulted 55.3 %. 56.2 % felt CM improved quality of life.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Wilkinson & Jelinek, 2009 [33]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Rural residents
|
102
|
5
|
There was no difference in gender & CM services used. 78 % used CM therapies, 66 % consulted with a CM practitioner (15 % naturopathy, 17 % massage, 17 % chiropractic). Drivers with CM use were positive attitudes towards CM, holism, anti-science, individual responsibility & rejection to authority.
|
X
|
X
|
X
| |
|
Xue et al., 2007 [30]
|
Cross sectional survey
|
General population
|
1,067
|
8
|
71.2 % were CM users & identified as females, higher income earners & having a higher education. 16.4 % visited a clinical nutritionist, 73.7 % massage therapy, 29.1 % Western herbal medicine & 90.6 % chiropractor.
|
X
| |
X
| |
