The combination of Artemisia princeps Pamp, Leonurus japonicas Houtt, and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit attenuates the exacerbation of energy, lipid, and glucose by increasing hepatic PGC-1α expression in estrogen-deficient rats

Table 4 Lipid profiles, liver function index and serum glucose and insulin levels in overnight-fasted rats

	Control (n = 12)	APP (n = 12)	APP + LJH (n = 12)	APP + LJH + GJE(n = 12)	Positive-control (n = 12)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	109.9 ± 10.3^a	101.3 ± 10.4^ab	104.5 ± 10.4^ab	108.5 ± 10.9^a	99.4 ± 9.5^b
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	56.3 ± 6.4^a	50.7 ± 5.7^b	51.6 ± 5.8^b	53.4 ± 7.4^ab	45.2 ± 5.6^b
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	32.3 ± 3.3^b	34.2 ± 3.7^ab	35.7 ± 3.8^ab	36.9 ± 3.6^a	38.3 ± 3.7^a
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	107.1 ± 10.4^a	81.4 ± 8.8^b	86.1 ± 9.8^b	80.3 ± 8.1^b	79.6 ± 8.5^b
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L)	123 ± 9^a	111 ± 12^ab	109 ± 14^b	90 ± 15^c	87 ± 14^c
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)	39.8 ± 4.6	41.5 ± 5.9	40.1 ± 6.8	35.6 ± 5.2	35.5 ± 5.5
Glucose (mg/dL)	100.3 ± 11.4^a	87.5 ± 10.4^b	92.8 ± 11.3^ab	93.0 ± 10.8^ab	94.9 ± 10.7^ab
Insulin (ng/mL)	1.87 ± 0.28^a	1.29 ± 0.25^b	1.30 ± 0.24^b	1.15 ± 0.22^c	1.14 ± 0.25^c
HOMA-IR	10.4 ± 1.8^a	6.3 ± 0.8^bc	6.7 ± 0.8^b	5.9 ± 0.7^c	6.0 ± 0.7^c

Control, OVX rats fed a high-fat diet (OVX-CON) with 2 % dextrin; APP, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 2 % Artemisia princeps Pamp water extract; LJH, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 2 % Leonurus japonicas Houtt water extract; GJE, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 2 % Gardenia jasminoides Ellis water extract; positive-control, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 30 μg/kg body weight 17β-estradiol + 2 % dextrose. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance. Values are means ± SD
^a,b,c Significantly different among all groups by Tukey test at p < 0.05

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