Fig. 5

Oligonol attenuated PA-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells with concomitant activation of AMPK and suppression of the mTOR pathway. HepG2 cells were treated with 250 μM of PA in the absence or presence of Oligonol (ranging from 1 to 10 μg/ml) for 24 h. The phosphorylation states of (a) IRS-1 or (b) AMPK, mTOR, and S6K were examined by Western blot analysis with appropriate antibodies. β-actin was used as a loading control. Graphs represent densitometric analysis of Western blots. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.005 vs. vehicle-treated control (CTL); ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.005 vs. palmitate-treated cells (PA)