Fig. 3

Oligonol increased lipid oxidation in PA-treated HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 250 μM of PA in the absence or presence of Oligonol (ranging from 1 to 10 μg/ml) for 24 h. (a) CPT1a, HADHα, LCAD, and UCP2 mRNA levels, (b) CYP2E1, CYP4A11, and PPARα mRNA levels were measured using qRT-PCR. Values were normalized to GAPDH. Data were presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; each performed in triplicates. White bars represent HepG2 cells treated with vehicle, and black bars represent HepG2 cells treated with PA. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated control (CTL); ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.005 vs. palmitate-treated cells (PA)