Table 1 The antibacterial (MIC values in mg/mL) efficacy of plants used as remedies for the treatment of diarrhoea in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Plant species, family and voucher number | Plant part | Solvent | B. cereus(ATCC 11778) | E. faecalis(ATCC 29212) | S. aureus(ATCC 12600) | E. coli(ATCC 8739) | P. vulgarius(ATCC 33420) | S. typhimurium(ATCC 14028) | S. flexneri(ATCC 25875) | Average MIC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia burkei Fabaceae Benth (MNNa-3) | Bark | Organic | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 3.00 | 0.25 | 1.54 |
Aqueous | 0.75 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.68 | ||
Acanthospermum glabratum Asteraceae (DC) Wild (MNN-37) | Whole plant | Organic | 0.88 | 4.00 | 4.13 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 2.25 | 0.44 | 3.67 |
Aqueous | 5.33 | NSb | 6.67 | NS | NS | 6.00 | 4.00 | 5.50 | ||
Brachylaena Transvaalensis Asteraceae E. Phillips & Schweick. (MNN-30) | Leaves | Organic | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 4.00 | 4.00 |
Aqueous | 0.25 | 1.07 | 1.25 | 2.00 | 1.75 | 1.25 | 0.50 | 1.15 | ||
Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae (L.) G. Don. (MNN-7) | Roots | Organic | 0.64 | 1.93 | 3.50 | 3.71 | 4.07 | 4.71 | 0.41 | 2.71 |
Aqueous | 6.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 5.33 | ||
Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae L. (MNN-39) | Whole plant | Organic | 12.00 | 6.00 | 0.25 | 3.00 | 0.25 | 4.00 | 0.50 | 3.71 |
Aqueous | 3.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 3.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 6.00 | ||
Cissampelos hirta Menispermaceae Klotzch (MNN-27) | Whole plant | Organic | 2.00 | 0.42 | 1.50 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 1.33 | 0.38 | 2.23 |
Aqueous | 6.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 6.86 | ||
Garcinia livingstonei Clusiaceae T. Anderson (MNN-19) | Bark | Organic | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 3.38 | 0.75 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.77 |
Aqueous | 1.50 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.50 | ||
Gymnosporia senegalensis Celastraceae (Lam.) Loes. (MNN-13) | Leaves | Organic | 0.94 | 0.56 | 2.17 | 6.00 | 11.34 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 3.20 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | NS | 8.33 | ||
Krauseola mosambicina Caryophyllaceae (Moss.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (MNN-6) | Whole plant | Organic | 4.80 | 7.20 | 6.80 | 7.20 | 8.60 | 5.50 | 1.40 | 5.93 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 5.33 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 7.24 | ||
Lippia javanica Verbenaceae (Burm.f.) Spreng. (MNN-20) | Leaves | Organic | 1.00 | 6.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 12.00 | 4.00 | 0.50 | 4.50 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 6.33 | ||
Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae L. (MNN-29) | Leaves | Organic | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 0.25 | 0.82 |
Aqueous | NS | 6.67 | 2.67 | NS | 0.50 | NS | 4.00 | 3.46 | ||
Melia azedarach Meliaceae L. (MNN-4) | Leaves | Organic | 2.89 | 1.16 | 1.70 | 4.28 | 1.81 | 2.64 | 0.57 | 2.15 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 12.00 | 7.43 | ||
Psidium guajava Myrtaceae L. (MNN-5) | Leaves | Organic | 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.93 | 1.63 | 1.51 | 0.65 | 0.33 | 0.86 |
Aqueous | 1.00 | 6.00 | 0.50 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 3.00 | 4.64 | ||
Sarcostemma viminale Apocynaceae (L) R. Br subsp. viminale (MNN-11) | Stem | Organic | 1.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 16.00 | 16.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 6.79 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 7.43 | ||
Schotia brachypetala Fabaceae Sond. (MNN-25) | Bark | Organic | 8.00 | 0.63 | 2.00 | 8.00 | 1.50 | 8.00 | 0.58 | 4.10 |
Aqueous | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 2.93 | ||
Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) (MNN-12) | Bark | Organic | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.45 |
Aqueous | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 1.33 | 2.00 | 1.98 | ||
Senna occidentalis Fabaceae (L.) Link (MNN-2) | Roots | Organic | 3.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 2.57 |
Aqueous | 6.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 5.00 | ||
Strychnos madagascariensis Strychnaceae Pior. (MNN-9) | Leaves | Organic | 3.00 | 4.00 | 2.88 | 4.00 | 3.25 | 4.75 | 1.00 | 3.27 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 6.67 | 7.52 | ||
Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae Hochst. ex. C. Krauss. (MNN-36) | Bark | Organic | 0.88 | 1.82 | 1.00 | 1.81 | 1.25 | 1.54 | 0.43 | 1.25 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 7.00 | ||
Terminalia sericea Combretaceae Burch. ex DC. (MNN-16) | Bark | Organic | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.31 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.52 |
Aqueous | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 8.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.69 | ||
Trichilia emetica Meliaceae Vahl (MNN-35) | Bark | Organic | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 8.00 | 1.33 | 1.86 |
Aqueous | 6.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 12.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 | ||
Vangueria infausta Rubiaceae Burch. subsp. infausta (MNN-38) | Bark | Organic | 8.00 | 3.25 | 1.00 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 3.50 | 1.25 | 4.43 |
Aqueous | 8.00 | NS | 8.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 7.33 | ||
Vernonia natalensis Asteraceae (DC) Sch. Bip. ex. Walp (MNN-33) | Roots | Organic | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 0.25 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 3.75 |
Aqueous | 2.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 1.50 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 5.36 | ||
Ciprofloxacin control (μg/mL) | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.80 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.32 | ||