Figure 1

Effects of AJN on wet dog shakes and episodes of writhing after spontaneous withdrawal. A: AJN pre-treatment effectively holds wet dog shakes at a low level after 1, 5, 10 days of spontaneous withdrawal. B: AJN post-treatment alleviates wet dog shakes in a dose-dependent manner. C: AJN pre-treatment inhibits episodes of writhing after spontaneous withdrawal. D: AJN post-treatment attenuates episodes of writhing. NS: control group; Mor: morphine group. Data are expressed as the means ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. morphine group; n = 10; Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test).