Table 1 Body and kidney weights, index of renal hypertrophy, and the renal function-related parameters in experimental animals at the end of the eight-week treatment

Body weight (BW) (g/rat)

374.88 ± 17.92^d

214.84 ± 14.95^b

237.3 ± 17.21^b

261.98 ± 18.32^b,c

291.64 ± 16.24^b,c

315.18 ± 18.10^a,d

Plasma glucose (mg/dl)

92.78 ± 7.32^d

423.12 ± 16.22^b

418.27 ± 15.34^b

412.37 ± 17.41^b

409.87 ± 14.68^b

262.31 ± 13.71^b,c

HbAlc (%)

4.79 ± 1.03^d

14.32 ± 1.79^b

14.10 ± 1.63^b

13.92 ± 1.84^b

13.85 ± 1.65^b

9.63 ± 1.59^b,c

Kidney weight (KW) (g/rat)

1.38 ± 0.17^d

2.28 ± 0.15^b

2.07 ± 0.13^b

1.93 ± 0.21^b

1.85 ± 0.19^a,c

1.79 ± 0.18^a,d

KW/BW ratio (%)

0.37 ± 0.07^d

1.06 ± 0.08^b

0.87 ± 0.09^b

0.74 ± 0.06^b,c

0.62 ± 0.04^a,d

0.57 ± 0.05^a,d

24-h urine volume (ml/day)

8.96 ± 1.76^d

27.30 ± 2.95^b

21.84 ± 3.11^b

19.65 ± 2.43^b,c

17.65 ± 3.05^a,c

15.34 ± 2.62^a,c

24-h urine protein (mg/day)

6.60 ± 2.57^d

28.36 ± 3.95^b

24.11 ± 3.25^b

19.85 ± 2.57^,c

14.82 ± 3.29 ^a,d

10.26 ± 4.12^a,d

Scr (μmol/l)

34.07 ± 5.26^d

87.23 ± 7.96^b

70.33 ± 5.83^b,c

69.78 ± 4.92^b,c

62.21 ± 5.61^b,c

56.49 ± 6.92^b,c

BUN (mmol/l)

6.51 ± 0.82^d

18.85 ± 1.13^b

15.68 ± 1.25^b,c

14.27 ± 1.38^b,c

12.66 ± 0.94^b,c

9.71 ± 1.02^a,c

Ccr (ml/min)

4.83 ± 0.63^d

1.78 ± 0.71^b

2.14 ± 0.56^b

2.92 ± 0.61^b

3.43 ± 0.59^a,c

3.71 ± 0.74^d