Table 2 Participant characteristics (N = 48)

Age, mean (SD)

75.2 (8.0)

Female, %

77

Ethnicity, Hispanic %

4

Race, white %

96

Marital status, %

 Married or living with significant other

44

 Widowed

40

 Divorced or separated

15

 Never married

2

Education, %

 Some grade school or high school

17

 High school graduate

35

 Some college or training program

29

 College graduate

18

Employment, %

 Retired

85

 Employed

15

Overall health, %

 Excellent to very good

27

 Good

35

 Fair

29

 Poor

6

Overall pain in past 24 hours (0-10 NRS), mean (SD), range

4.7 (2.5), range 0-9

Back pain in past 24 hours (0-10 NRS), mean (SD), range

4.2 (2.4), range 0-9

Healthcare providers seen for back pain, %

 Doctor of chiropractic

69

 Medical doctor

60

 Physical therapist

38

 Doctor of osteopathy

17

 Massage therapist

8