Racial differences in symptom management approaches among persons with radiographic knee osteoarthritis

Table 4 Association between race and using treatment approaches among participants with radiographic-confirmed knee osteoarthritis (N = 2583)

Treatment Use	African Americans	Caucasian Americans	Crude	Sociodemographic Characteristics Adjusted^†	Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Adjusted^‡
	(n = 508)	(n = 2075)
	percentage		Odds ratios of African Americans relative to Caucasian Americans (95% confidence intervals)
CAM Only	16.5	24.2	0.76	0.77	0.68
			(0.57–1.01)	(0.56–1.06)	(0.48–0.96)
Conventional Medication Only	24.8	14.6	1.89	1.57	0.96
			(1.45–2.46)	(1.16–2.15)	(0.68–1.35)
Both	25.0	23.8	1.17	1.11	0.59
			(0.91–1.51)	(0.83–1.49)	(0.42–0.83)
Neither	33.7	37.5	Reference group of outcome variable

^† Adjusted sociodemographics include age, gender, education, income, marital status and medication insurance coverage.
^‡ Besides sociodemographic variables, full model also adjusted KOOS Pain and Quality of Life subscales, Kellgren-Lawrence Grade, history of knee injury or surgery, symptom-related multi-joint osteoarthritis, SF-12 mental health scale, SF-12 physical health scale and obesity status.