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Fig. 3 | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Fig. 3

From: Panax quinquefolius saponin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2

Fig. 3

PQS inhibits high phosphate-induced expression of calcification markers and Nrf2 during calcification period. VSMCs were induced to calcify with or without 100 μg/ml PQS and harvested at different times (d0, d2, d4 and d6). A The mRNA expression of osteogenic marker genes during calcification was determined using RT-PCR. B The protein expression of osteogenic marker genes and Nrf2 during calcification was determined using Western blot analysis. The relative values of protein expression were normalized to β-actin. *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01 vs. Pi control on d0, #p < 0.05 or ##p < 0.01 vs. Pi + PQS group on d0, and &p < 0.05 or &&p < 0.01 vs. Pi control on d0, d2, d4 and d6. The values are presented as the means ± SD (n = 3)

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