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Fig. 1 | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Fig. 1

From: Panax quinquefolius saponin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2

Fig. 1

PQS prevents high phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. VSMCs were treated with increasing concentrations of PQS (0, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) in the presence of calcification medium containing 3 mM Pi for 6 days. A Cell viability was measured using MTS assay following treatment of VSMCs with increasing concentrations of PQS for 24 h. B Calcium deposition was assessed using alizarin red staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. C Quantification of alizarin red staining. D Quantification of calcium deposition using ALP activity assay. The values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01 vs. blank, and #p < 0.05 or ##p < 0.01 vs. Pi control or PQS control

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