Table 3 Phytochemicals identified in C. alata (stem, leaves, roots) extracts that potentially use to treat cellulitis

n-Hexadecanoic acid

SEA maceration

SEA Soxhlet

REA Soxhlet

15.094

15.120

15.195

12.28

28.79

34.34

C₁₆H₃₂O₂

256

Saturated long-chain fatty acid

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiandrogenic, 5α-reductase inhibitor

Shows pesticidal, nematocidal, haemolytic, hypocholesterolemic effects

[47,48,49,50]

9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-

SEA maceration

SEA Soxhlet

REA Soxhlet

16.233

16.261

16.341

11.65

38.00

10.07

C₁₈H₃₂O₂

280

Unsaturated fatty acid

(plant glycosides)

Nematicide, antiacne, insectifuge, antiarthritic, hepatoprotective and cancer-preventive, antiandrogenic, antieczemic, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, anti-coronary, 5α-reductase inhibitor, and shows hypocholesterolemic effects

[51,52,53]

Stigmasterol

SEA maceration

18.760

5.72

C₂₉H₄₈O

412

Phytosterol

Show strong antibacterial activity against multiple-drug resistant mycobacteria. Strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative properties that can inhibit tumour promotion

[54,55,56,57]

γ-Sitosterol

SEA maceration

20.849

5.03

C₂₉H₅₀O

414

Plant steroid

Prophylactic activity, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-diarrhoeal, and anti-inflammatory

[56, 58,59,60]

β-Sitosterol acetate

SEA maceration

26.416

3.95

C₃₁H₅₂O₂

456

Steroid ester

Antioxidant and free radical scavengers

[55]

Octadecanoic acid

SEA maceration

SEA Soxhlet

REA Soxhlet

16.372

16.388

16.466

3.01

6.68

3.16

C₁₈H₃₆O₂

284

C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid

Antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities

[52, 61]

Eicosanoic acid

SEA maceration

12.130

13.681

1.07

0.62

C₂₀H₄₀O₂

312

C20 straight-chain saturated fatty acid

Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities

[55, 62]

Octadecane

SEA maceration

12.367

1.14

C₁₈H₃₈

254

C18 straight-chain alkane

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and hypoglycaemic activities

[61, 63]

Dibutyl phthalate

SEA maceration

15.165

0.99

C₁₆H₂₂O₄

278

Phthalate ester and a diester

Antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antifungal effects

[56, 61]

Phenol, 3, 5-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-

SEA maceration

11.757

0.76

C₁₄H₂₂O

206

Alkylated phenol

Anti-inflammatory effects

[64]

1-Eicosanol

SEA maceration

SEA Soxhlet

17.126

17.127

0.73

0.78

C₂₀H₄₂O

298

Straight-chain fatty alcohol

Antimalarial, antifungal and antioxidant

[65, 66]

n-Nonadecanol-1

SEA maceration

13.850

0.64

C₁₉H₄₀O

284

Long-chain fatty alcohol

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects

[61]

Tetradecane

SEA maceration

10.668

0.63

C₁₄H₂₉Cl

232

C14 straight-chain acyclic alkane

Antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, nematocidal, antitumor and wound healing activities

[61, 67, 68]

Pentadecanoic acid

SEA maceration

SEA Soxhlet

14.400

14.440

0.55

0.92

C₁₅H₃₀O2

242

C15 straight-chain saturated fatty acid

Antibacterial activities

[61, 68, 69]

1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester

SEA maceration

14.494

0.53

C₁₆H₂₂O₄

278

Phthalate ester and a diester

Antimicrobial, antifungal, and antifouling activities

[49, 61, 70]

Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol,6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-,[1S-(1α, 3α, 5α)]

SEA maceration

17.388

0.45

C₁₀H₁₆O

152

Pinane monoterpenoid, Secondary alcohol,

Carbobicyclic compound

Antimicrobial activities

[60]

Neophytadiene

SEA maceration

REA maceration

REA Soxhlet

14.153

14.169

14.170

0.44

1.98

3.57

C₂₀H₃₈

278

Sesquiterpenoid

A good analgesic and induce anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effect

[57, 71, 72]

Tetratetracontane

SEA maceration

15.898

0.43

C₄₄H₉₀

618

C44 long-chain unbranched alkane

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic and hypoglycaemic effects

[48, 61, 68]

Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-

SEA maceration

10.883

0.43

C₁₄H₄₂O₇Si₇

518

Organosiloxane and a macrocycle

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypocholesterolemic effects

[73]

Tetracontane

SEA Soxhlet

19.047

8.86

C₄₀H₈₂

562

Straight-chain aliphatic alkane

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity

[61, 69]

Palmitoleic acid

SEA Soxhlet

14.976

0.99

C₁₆H₃₀O₂

254

Long chain minor monounsaturated fatty acid

Inhibit bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) and increase the permeability of bacterial membrane because of surfactant action

[74]

Tetradecanoic acid

SEA Soxhlet

REA Soxhlet

13.681

13.714

0.85

0.58

C₁₄H₂₈O₂

228

Long-chain saturated fatty acid

Nematicide and cancer-preventive agent, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, hypercholesterolemic effects

[51, 61, 70, 75]

Heptadecanoic acid

SEA Soxhlet

15.746

0.59

C₁₇H₃₄O₂

270

C17 long, straight-chain saturated fatty acid

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal

Used as surfactant

[51, 61, 76]

9,10-Anthracenedione, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-

SEA Soxhlet

18.037

0.58

C₁₅H₁₀O₄

254

Trihydroxyanthraquinone

Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects

[53]

Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester

REA maceration

REA Soxhlet

14.826

14.825

22.18

5.44

C₁₇H₃₄O₂

270

Fatty acid methyl ester

Antifungal, antioxidant, 5α-reductase inhibitor, nematicide, pesticide, antiandrogenic, flavour hypocholesterolemic, haemolytic effects and potent antimicrobial activities

[48, 61, 68,69,70, 77]

9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester

REA maceration

REA Soxhlet

16.021

15.991

8.56

5.12

C₁₉H₃₆O₂

296

Fatty acid methyl ester derived from oleic acid

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and nematocidal, anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive

[67, 77, 78]

Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-

REA maceration

9.415

2.12

C₁₂H₃₆O₆Si₆

444

Organosiloxane and a macrocycle

Antifungal, antimicrobial, and used as a preservative and health-related products

[73, 79]

Phytol

REA Soxhlet

16.059

6.66

C₂₀H₄₀O

296

Acyclic diterpene alcohol

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer

It can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1

[50, 51, 57, 77, 80]

Squalene

REA Soxhlet

21.158

1.43

C₃₀H₅₀

410

Natural isoprenoid

Precursor of various hormones in animals and sterols in plants. Cancer and chemopreventive agent, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, immunostimulant, a lipoxygenase-inhibitor, and free radical scavenger

[48, 49, 51, 57, 61, 68]

3, 7, 11, 15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol

REA Soxhlet

14.481

1.29

C₂₀H₄₀O

296

Acyclic diterpene alcohol

Insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculosis, antimicrobial, and antioxidant

[57, 61, 62]

n-Heptadecanol-1

REA Soxhlet

17.152

0.86

C₁₇H₃₆O

256

Long-chain fatty alcohol

Anti-arthritis and treatment of skin diseases

[61]

2-Pentadecanone, 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-

REA Soxhlet

14.253

0.57

C₁₈H₃₆O

268

Sesquiterpenoid

Antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

[52, 61, 67, 70]