Table 5 Overall metabolic profile of study participants before and after intervention

FBG (mg/dl) Reference Range (70–115 mg/dl) > 115 mg/dl = Diabetic

 Baseline

174.59 ± 56.12

150.18 ± 33.98

22.41 (-3.82, 52.64)

0.090†

 Endpoint

132.85 ± 33.20

156.71 ± 34.54

-35.71 (-52.82, -18.60)

˂0.001†††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-34.20 (-52.67, -15.73)

4.95 (-5,57, 15.48)

 P-value*

0.001

0.338

Insulin (μIU/ml) Reference Range for Diabetics (0.7–25 μIU/ml)

 Baseline

11.16 ± 1.68

10.53 ± 1.54

0.63 (-0.35, 1.61)

0.199†

 Endpoint

10.63 ± 1.47

10.08 ± 1.37

0.26 (-0.55, 1.07)

0.522†††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-0.45 (-0.96, 0.07)

-0.50 (-1.20, 0.21)

 P-value**

0.084

0.159

HOMA-IR > 2.5 = Positive for Insulin Resistance

 Baseline

4.92 ± 2.17

3.99 ± 1.33

0.93 (-0.17, 2.02)

0.094†

 Endpoint

3.53 ± 1.20

3.97 ± 1.25

-0.85 (-1.50, -0.20)

0.012†††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-1.11 (-1.71, -0.50)

-0.08 (-0.58, 0.43)

 P-value*

0.001

0.758

Urea (mg/dl) Reference Range Men: 18–55 mg/dl Women: 15–43 mg/dl

 Baseline

102.86 ± 30.45

97.73 ± 20.75

5.15 (-11.01, 21.31)

0.517†

 Endpoint

92.03 ± 26.32

104.10 ± 22.91

-14.73 (-29.05, -0.42)

0.028††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-14.82 (-26.71, -2.92)

6.38 (-2.32, 15.09)

 P-value*

0.017

0.142

Cr (mg/dl) Reference Range: (0.6–1.4 mg/dl)

 Baseline

8.75 ± 2.07

8.06 ± 1.73

0.69 (-0.47, 1.85)

0.237†

 Endpoint

8.05 ± 1.95

8.14 ± 1.60

-0.32 (-1.54, 0.91)

0.600††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-0.94 (-1.80, -0.08)

0.08 (-0.61, 0.77)

 P-value*

0.034

0.805

PAB (HK)

 Baseline

48.66 ± 17.61

49.91 ± 20.23

-1.25 (-12.78, 10.29)

0.828†

 Endpoint

43.81 ± 16.37

51.42 ± 22.22

-7.58 (-16.82, 1.66)

0.105††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-4.98 (-8,76, -1.20)

1.52 (-7.06, 10.10)

 P-value*

0.013

0.716