Table 3 Comparison of micronutrients intake in the study participants before and after intervention

SFA (g)

 Baseline

15.72 ± 4.21

13.84 ± 3.94

1.87 (-0.61, 4.36)

0.135†

 Endpoint

14.75 ± 3.14

13.15 ± 2.89

0.83 (-0.79, 2.45)

0.306††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-0.34 (-1.56, 0.89)

-0.33 (-1.92, 1.27)

 P-value*

0.569

0.672

MUFA (g)

 Baseline

15.86 ± 3.94

14.88 ± 2.65

0.99 (-1.06, 3.03)

0.336†

 Endpoint

15.67 ± 3.27

15.26 ± 2.63

-0.31 (-1.41, 0.80)

0.578††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-0.12 (-0.95, 0.70)

0.50 (-0.51, 1.50)

 P-value*

0.760

0.314

PUFA (g)

 Baseline

25.95 ± 5.43

28.25 ± 6.70

-2.30 (-6.01, 1.41)

0.218†

 Endpoint

27.70 ± 6.91

28.33 ± 6.78

0.98 (-2.69, 4.66)

0.592††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

1.78 (-0.77, 4.34)

-0.17 (-3.19, 2.85)

 P-value*

0.161

0.908

Cholesterol (g)

 Baseline

201.51 ± 92.72

167.50 ± 65.32

34.01 (-14.79, 82.81)

0.167†

 Endpoint

229.28 ± 86.84

170.22 ± 77.06

44.73 (-4.44, 93.89)

0.073††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

30.27 (-7.49, 68.04)

6.50 (-37.55, 50.55)

 P-value*

0.110

0.761

Fiber (g)

 Baseline

10.90 ± 2.05

11.89 ± 2.18

-0.99 (-2.28, 0.29)

0.127†

 Endpoint

11.37 ± 2.80

12.04 ± 2.34

-0.22 (-1.86, 1.41)

0.787††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

0.29 (-0.85, 1.43)

-0.90 (-2.82, 1.01)

 P-value*

0.599

0.338

Phosphorus (g)

 Baseline

597.74 ± 215.21

552.68 ± 121.13

45.06 (-61.19, 151.32)

0.397†

 Endpoint

543.51 ± 204.50

508.90 ± 109.00

1.98 (-72.23, 76.19)

0.957††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-53.78 (-116.29, 8.74)

-38.65 (-95.90, 18.60)

 P-value*

0.088

0.174

Potassium (mg)

 Baseline

1543.34 ± 390.00

1815.81 ± 503.23

-272.47 (-546.39, 1.46)

0.051†

 Endpoint

1598.60 ± 400.03

1637.86 ± 347.30

87.91(-113.59, 289.40)

0.383††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

49.36 (-97.74, 196.46)

-178.01 (-380.62, 24.60)

 P-value*

0.491

0.082

Sodium (mg)

 Baseline

1012.87 ± 728.88

1253.15 ± 669.49

-207.44 (-633.77, 218.90)

0.332†

 Endpoint

1120.33 ± 720.76

1147.49 ± 530.65

18.08 (-367.66, 403.82)

0.925††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

89.16 (-293.59, 471.91)

-46.00 (-393.56, 301.56)

 P-value*

0.631

0.785

Vitamin A (µg)

 Baseline

896.83 ± 544.52

955.40 ± 624.13

-58.56 (-414.94, 297.81)

0.742†

 Endpoint

806.67 ± 398.69

860.14 ± 407.91

-50.31 (291.59, 190.96)

0.675††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-107.01 (-395.35, 181.33)

-126.88 (-367.23, 113.47)

 P-value*

0.447

0.284

Vitamin C (mg)

 Baseline

71.27 ± 21.31

99.32 ± 76.00

-28.04 (-62.01, 5.92)

0.103†

 Endpoint

56.22 ± 28.18

79.95 ± 45.18

17.09 (-41.17, 6.98)

0.159††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-12.26 (-27.36, 2.84)

-21.26 (-55.30, 12.78)

 P-value*

0.592

0.207

Vitamin E (mg)

 Baseline

2.21 ± 0.87

2.16 ± 0.74

0.05 (-0.44, 0.54)

0.842†

 Endpoint

2.30 ± 1.50

2.49 ± 1.33

-0.26 (-1.09, 0.58)

0.534††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

0.03 (-0.52, 0.58)

0.33 (-0.34, 0.99)

 P-value*

0.903

0.316

Zinc (mg)

 Baseline

4.50 ± 1.14

5.25 ± 1.56

-0.76 (-1.59, 0.07)

0.073†

 Endpoint

4.25 ± 1.24

4.79 ± 1.23

-0.22 (-0.93, 0.48)

0.521††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-0.22 (-0.79, 0.35)

-0.37 (-0.99, 0.25)

 P-value*

0.425

0.229

Selenium (mg)

 Baseline

65.68 ± 19.78

76.36 ± 21.72

-10.68 (-23.32, 1.96)

0.057†

 Endpoint

63.50 ± 13.87

71.43 ± 15.58

-4.55 (-14.13, 5.03)

0.342††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

1.50 (-5.17, 8.17)

-4.76 (-16.15, 6.63)

 P-value*

0.643

0.394

Magnesium (mg)

 Baseline

125.64 ± 26.17

141.77 ± 30.99

-16.13 (-33.58, 1.32)

0.069†

 Endpoint

114.41 ± 33.75

137.46 ± 29.48

-15.90 (-36.25, 4.47)

0.122††

 Mean difference (CI 95%)

-12.66 (-31.47, 6.16)

-12.63 (-27.91, 2.65)

 P-value*

0.175

0.100