| Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||||
 Age | ||||
  Less than 35 | 1 |  |  |  |
  35 and above | 0.99 (0.64—1.53) | 0.948 |  |  |
 Education | ||||
  Primary or less | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  Secondary | 0.79 (0.19 – 3.39) | 0.755 | 0.59 (0.19 – 3.29) | 0.655 |
  Tertiary or higher | 0.17 (0.04—0.71) | 0.014 | 0.23 (0.06 – 0.95) | 0.043 |
 Employment status | ||||
  Not employed | 1 |  |  |  |
  Employed | 1.53 (0.80 – 2.93) | 0.199 |  |  |
 Religion | ||||
  Christianity | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  Islam | 1.71 (1.17—2.50) | 0.006 | 0.91 (0.27 – 3.10) | 0.266 |
 Marital status | ||||
  Single | 1 |  |  |  |
  Ever married | 0.83 (0.38—1.84) | 0.655 |  |  |
 Income (monthly income in naira) | ||||
  Less than 20,000 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  20,000–99,999 | 0.51 (0.33—0.79) | 0.002 | 0.39 (0.12 – 1.27) | 0.119 |
  100,000 and above | 0.33 (0.16 – 0.69) | 0.003 | 0.17 (0.01 – 1.60) | 0.121 |
 Parity | ||||
  Nulliparous | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  1–3 | 1.15 (0.80—1.65) | 0.454 | 1.14 (0.40 – 3.23) | 0.812 |
  4 and above | 3.18 (1.29 – 7.85) | 0.012 | 2.14 (0.19 – 3.29) | 0.255 |
 Number of ANC visits | ||||
   < 4 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   ≥ 4 | 0.38 (0.23 – 0.64) |  < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.29 – 3.60) | 0.973 |
 Doses of tetanus toxoid | ||||
   < 2 | 1 |  |  |  |
   ≥ 2 | 0.60 (0.34—1.05) | 0.077 |  |  |
 Doses of IPT-SP | ||||
   < 2 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   ≥ 2 | 0.46 (0.28 – 0.77) | 0.003 | 0.33 (0.10 – 0.99) | 0.048 |
 Antenatal admission | ||||
  No | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  Yes | 4.60 (2.45 – 8.63) |  < 0.001 | 2.16 (0.69 – 6.76) | 0.185 |
 Chronic medical illness | ||||
  No | 1 |  |  |  |
  Yes | 0.69 (0.39 – 1.23) | 0.209 |  |  |
Lifestyle Factors | ||||
 Alcohol consumption | ||||
  No | 1 |  |  |  |
  Yes | 1.38 (0.83 – 2.27) | 0.208 |  |  |
 Tobacco exposure | ||||
  No | 1 |  |  |  |
  Yes | 1.63 (0.68 – 3.95) | 0.275 |  |  |