Fig. 5

Histological changes in BDL group: The hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections: 5A. BDL group shows diffuse lung tissue affection, the hallmark is the widespread angiogenesis (*) in the form of multiple small-dilated congested blood vessels (V) variable in size and shape. The detached bronchiolar epithelium (↑) of the disfigured terminal bronchioles (B) together with peri bronchial and peri vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy (▲) observed. (A) = emphysematous dilated alveoli(× 100). 5B. BDL group shows some of the pulmonary blood vessels (V) showing thickened media (↑) and narrow lumen congested with bluish thrombus (T) and inflammatory infiltrate & exudate that appear as acidophilic structure less homogenous material (▲). Note the honeycomb appearance of the lung as some of the alveoli are narrow (*), while others show emphysematous dilatation (A), disfigured terminal bronchioles = (B) (× 100). 5C. BDL group shows thickened inter alveolar septa (*) that are infiltrated by RBCs & heavy mononuclear cellular infiltration. Apparent increase in the number of pneumocyte II (II) in distorted alveoli (A) are detected(× 400). 5D. BDL group  shows the presence of extravasated RBCs in the alveolar spaces, many macrophages (^) with their large eccentric nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm laden with brownish hemosiderin granules (↑) are also infiltrating the thickened inter alveolar septa. (× 400). 5E. BDL group shows the air spaces (A) lined with large cell most probably pneumocyte type II (↑). Note the disruption (*) of the endothelial cell lining of the intima of some pulmonary blood vessel (V) with polymorphic mononuclear inflammatory cells (˄) adherent to it. Note the thickened inter alveolar septa by proliferating fibroblast (red arrow). (× 400). Toluidine Blue stained semi thin sections: 5F. A photomicrograph of a semi thin section of a rat lung of BDL group showing thick interalveolar septa separating air spaces (A) containing capillaries (C) and inflammatory cells (↑). The alveoli mostly lined by cubical pneumocytes type II with their large, rounded nuclei and numerus tiny vacuoles in its cytoplasm (II). They are present at the angles of interalveolar septa and hardly detected degenerated flat pneumocyte type I (I). (× 1000). 5G. BDL group showing a bronchiole lined by disfigured epithelial cells with deeply stained nuclei (*). The bronchiolar lumen is full of exfoliated epithelial cells and pale stained active macrophage cells (↑). M = smooth muscle, (˄) = interstitial foamy macrophage. (× 1000). Masson’s trichrome stained lung sections: 5H. The BDL group reveals apparent increase in the thick collagen bundles deposition (↑) in the lung interstitium including mainly the walls of the blood vessels (V) that have a narrow-congested Lumina and thickened media with smooth muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, thickened interalveolar septa (↑) and the lamina propria of the bronchioles (B) by apparent increase in the collagen fibers deposition are noticed (denoting lung fibrosis) as compared to that of sham group, alveoli = (A). (x100) 5I. The BDL group reveals week PAS reaction (x100). Photomicrographs of Ultrastructure examination by Transmission electron microscope (TEM) of lung: In BDL group. 5J. BDL group showing numerus variable sized depleted empty electron dense lamellar bodies (red arrow) in some of disfigured dome shaped type-II pneumocyte (PII) with peripheral clumps of heterochromatin of the nucleus i.e. inactive nucleus. Note also ill-defined blunt flattened microvilli of type-II pneumocyte (blue arrow) and nearby collagen fibrils (CF). (Uranyl acetate and Lead Citrate × 8000). 5K. BDL group reveals other type-II pneumocyte (II) showing signs of proliferation in the form of apparent increase in number, increase in microvilli (blue arrow) with numerus empty lamellar bodies (red arrow). (Uranyl acetate and Lead Citrate × 10000)