Fig. 1

A GC–MS chromatogram of the bioactive compounds present in C. dioscoridis (CD) extract. B Effect of C. dioscoridis and donepezil(DON) on learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats(T2D) and scopolamine(Sco) models. Step-through latency (STL) to enter the dark compartment during the retention trial, as determined in the passive avoidance task. C Escape latency to reach the position of the previously immersed platform in MWM probe trial, D time spent on the target quadrant where the platform was located during the MWM probe trial. The data represent mean ± SE for n = 10 per T2D group, n = 6 for Scop Model. †† p < 0.01 vs. NC + veh, ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 vs. T2D + veh (ANOVA). MWM: Morris water maze, NC: normal control; veh: vehicle;CD50: C. dioscoridis extract 50 mg/kg;CD100: C.dioscoridis extract 100 mg/kg;CD150: C. dioscoridis extract 150 mg/kg; DON: donepezil