Skip to main content

Table 4 Determinants of TCAM use, by country (odds ratios with [95% confidence intervals])

From: Prevalence, determinants and outcomes of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use for hypertension among low-income households in Malaysia and the Philippines

Determinant

Philippines (N = 444)

Malaysia (N = 463)

Crude

Adjusted

Crude

Adjusted

Believes TCAM is effective

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

2.54***

3.19***

5.97***

6.79***

 

[1.47,4.37]

[1.78,5.72]

[2.93,12.16]

[3.12,14.77]

Believes conventional medicine is effective

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.38**

0.30**

0.50

0.55

 

[0.20,0.72]

[0.15,0.62]

[0.23,1.07]

[0.23,1.36]

Good knowledge of hypertension

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.02

1.02

0.67

0.93

 

[0.63,1.66]

[0.60,1.75]

[0.34,1.34]

[0.43,2.01]

Diagnosed with hypertension for at least 5 years

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.15

1.36

0.43*

0.44*

 

[0.71,1.87]

[0.81,2.30]

[0.21,0.87]

[0.20,1.00]

Self-reported history of NCD comorbidity

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.21

1.25

0.80

1.07

 

[0.70,2.08]

[0.70,2.26]

[0.40,1.58]

[0.49,2.34]

Visits health provider at least 2 times per year for any reason

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.66*

1.57

0.71

1.01

 

[1.01,2.72]

[0.92,2.68]

[0.29,1.72]

[0.33,3.06]

Female

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.38

1.50

1.22

2.31

 

[0.79,2.42]

[0.82,2.72]

[0.53,2.78]

[0.80,6.66]

Age 50 + years

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.18

1.06

0.65

0.85

 

[0.67,2.10]

[0.56,1.99]

[0.24,1.79]

[0.26,2.84]

Any post-secondary education

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.85

0.96

2.52*

2.82*

 

[0.52,1.38]

[0.56,1.66]

[1.21,5.25]

[1.20,6.62]

Married/cohabitating

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.04

1.26

0.90

0.93

 

[0.61,1.77]

[0.71,2.25]

[0.43,1.90]

[0.37,2.38]

Currently employed

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.63

0.68

1.69

1.38

 

[0.39,1.02]

[0.40,1.17]

[0.77,3.73]

[0.51,3.77]

Has confidence in health system

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.76

0.94

2.75

2.21

 

[0.38,1.52]

[0.43,2.04]

[0.36,21.01]

[0.27,18.33]

Believes one can do something to maintain health

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.72

0.89

2.12

2.94

 

[0.26,2.03]

[0.29,2.69]

[0.62,7.23]

[0.74,11.63]

Rural location

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.06

1.13

1.81

1.72

 

[0.66,1.71]

[0.62,2.05]

[0.80,4.12]

[0.77,3.83]

Household wealth score

 

0.98

0.95

0.76*

0.70*

 

[0.86,1.12]

[0.81,1.12]

[0.61,0.95]

[0.53,0.92]

Constant

  

0.15*

 

0.00***

  

[0.02,0.99]

 

[0.00,0.10]

  1. Evidence from Wald tests for the equality of adjusted coefficients by country in the combined dataset was observed for ‘Diagnosed with hypertension for at least 5 years’ (p = 0.023), and ‘Any post-secondary education’ (p = 0.037)
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. **p < 0.01
  4. ***p < 0.001
Back to article page

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

ISSN: 2662-7671

Contact us