Fig. 1

The major migration routes of Hakka (a), study sites in Ganzhou (b) and a HTM example of TCM replacement in the Hakka area (c). Ficus hirta Vahl. (c2) was locally named ‘Wu zhi mao tao’, ‘Tu huang qi’ or ‘Nan qi’ as an alternative of northern distributed Astragali Radix or ‘Huang qi’ (c1). Figure 1-a and 1-b are based on the public resources (No. GS(2019)1655, produced by Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, and Baidu map https://map.baidu.com, respectively), while c1–2 were photographed by one of the authors (Haibo Hu)