Fig. 4

Effect of harpagoside (HAR) on pro-inflammatory mediators and bone markers in serum of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Serum was prepared from CIA mice on day 42. The expression levels of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-1β, (D) RANKL, and (E) OPG were determined using murine ELISA assay, and the ratio of (F) RANKL/OPG was calculated. ^*p < 0.05 and ^***p < 0.001 versus the normal group; ^##p < 0.01 and ^###p < 0.001 versus the CIA + PBS group