Table 8 The flavors of herbal ingredients and relationship between the usage of Thai traditional medicine (TTM) and evidence-based approach of herbal medicine of PSD remedy and its ingredients

Bouea macrophylla Griff. (Anacardiaceae)

Ma-Prang

Flavorless

Antipyretic^a, diuretic^b

Antioxidant [27]

Caesalpinia sappan L. (Leguminosae)

Faang

Astringent

Anti-inflammatory^a, wound healing^a, detoxification^a, increase blood circulation^a, blood tonic^a, cardiotonic^a, chicken pox^b

Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic [24, 28, 29]

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (Rutaceae)

Ma-Nao

Flavorless

Antipyretic^a, detoxification^a, increase blood circulation^a, common cold influenza^a, diuretic^b

Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory [30,31,32]

Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen (Dracaenaceae)

Chan-Daeng

Bitter&cold

Antipyretic^a, anti-inflammatory^a, wound healing^a, detoxification^a, increase blood circulation^a, blood tonic^a

Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxic, Antipyretic [25, 33, 34]

Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz) Sleumer (Proteaceae)

Mhuad-Kon

Flavorless

Common cold influenza^a, diuretic^b

Anti-inflammatory [10]

Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton (Oleaceae)

Ma-Li

Fragrant

Antipyretic^a, cardiotonic^a, sleep disorder^b, headache^b

Anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic [35]

Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae)

Por-Hom

Spicy

Common cold influenza^a, reducing the dyspepsia^a, increase blood circulation^b

Anti-inflammatory [36]

Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae)

Khod-Hua-Bua

Spicy

Anti-inflammatory^a, wound healing^a, increase blood circulation^b

Cytotoxic [37]

Mammea siamensis T. Anderson. (Calophyllaceae)

Sa-Ra-Pee

Fragrant

Antipyretic^a, cardiotonic^a

Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory [38, 39]

Mesua ferrea L. (Calophyllaceae)

Boon-Nak

Fragrant

Blood tonic^a, antipyretic^a headache^a, cardiotonic^a

Cytotoxic [26, 40]

Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae)

Chan-Thet

Fragrant

Enhancing immune function^a, blood tonic^a, cardiotonic^a, antipyretic^a, headache^a, dyspepsia^a

Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory [41,42,43]

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae)

Bua-Luang

Fragrant

Cardiotonic^a, antipyretic^a

Cytotoxic, Antipyretic [44, 45]

Prasachandaeng remedy

-

Bitter&cold

Reduction of fever (chronic fever), and treatment of aphthous stomatitis

Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic [10, 46]