Fig. 6

Network based mechanism of GQD and metformin boost islet α-cell proliferation. A, PPI network of GQD targets on diabetes and cell proliferation; B, PPI network of metformin targets on diabetes and cell proliferation targets; C, PPI network of GQD and metformin targets on diabetes and cell proliferation; D, Metformin and GQD cell proliferation targets gene pathway and process enrichment analysis; E, RNA expression of Cdk4. Diabetes suppressed the Cdk4 expression compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The Cdk4 expression was increased in GQD or metformin group compared to the diabetes group (p < 0.05); F, RNA expression of Tp53. Diabetes increased the Tp53 expression of the control rats; G, RNA expression of Irs1. Diabetes suppressed the Irs1 expression compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The Irs1 expression was increased in GQD or metformin group compare to the diabetes group (p < 0.05) (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, n = 4)