Fig. 3

S. officinalis extracts attenuation of cytokine and chemokine release by human brain microvascular endothelial cells after 24-h treatment with IL-17A. Levels of CRP (A), TNF-α (B), IL-6 (C), MCP-1 (D), IL-8 (E), SAA (F), ICAM-1 (G) and VCAM-1 (H) released in human brain microvascular endothelial culture media after 24 h treatment with 20 μg/mL of S. officinalis or 2 μg/ml IL-17 antibody (IL-17AR), and in the presence or absence of 50 ng/ml of IL-17A. All values are mean ± SEM (n = 8, in each treated cell group). See inset keys for treatment identification. Statistical analysis were performed using one-way ANOVA test flowed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Statistical significance is shown as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001