Fig. 1

S. officinalis extracts attenuation of cytokine and chemokine release by human small intestinal epithelial cells in apical media after 24-h treatment with LPS. Levels of CRP (A), TNF-α (B), IL-6 (C), IL-1β (D), IL-8 (E), SAA (F), ICAM-1 (G) and VCAM-1 (H) released in human small intestinal epithelial apical culture media after 24 h treatment with 5 or 20 μg/mL of S. officinalis, and in the presence or absence of 100 ng/ml of LPS. All values are mean ± SEM (n = 6, in each treated cell group). See inset keys for treatment identification. Statistical analysis were performed using one-way ANOVA test flowed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Statistical significance is shown as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001