Fig. 1

NYT ameliorated CSE-induced LDH leakage. The effect of NYT on cytotoxicity was evaluated using an LDH assay kit or a CCK-8 assay kit without CSE exposure. The cells were treated with NYT for twenty-four hours, and cytotoxicity was measured by LDH leakage (A) and cell viability by the CCK-8 assay (B). The effect of NYT on cytotoxicity was evaluated using an LDH assay kit or a CCK-8 assay kit with CSE exposure. The cells were treated with NYT for twenty-four hours prior to exposure to 5% (C, D) or 10% CSE (E, F). Twenty-four hours after CSE exposure, cytotoxicity was measured by LDH leakage (C, E) and cell viability by the CCK-8 assay (D, F). ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 vs. control group; ^***p < 0.001 vs. vehicle-treatment group; Tukey’s test; n = 6. CSE: cigarette smoke extract; NYT: Ninjinyoeito