Table 4 Effects of hydroponically (HyL) and soil-grown (SoL) lettuce on pancreas, liver, kidney and brain biomarkers in tissue

Pancreas

Normal control

32.6 ± 1.6^cdef

5.8 ± 0.04^cdef

2.9 ± 0.8^ns

5.6 ± 0.7^cdef

9.5 ± 0.6^cdef

Diabetic control

41.2 ± 2.1^acd

1.9 ± 0.02^ach

1.5 ± 0.05^ns

2.9 ± 0.07^ah

5.2 ± 0.3^h

Glibenclamide 10mg/kg

33.1 ± 1.3^cdef

5.2 ± 0.05^cdef

2.7 ± 0.02^ns

5.0 ± 0.04^cdef

8.9 ± 0.1^cdef

HyL 200mg/kg

36.4 ± 2.5^acdefh

4.8 ± 0.09^cdef

2.5 ± 0.07^ns

4.5 ± 0.8^cde

8.1 ± 0.5^cdefh

HyL 100mg/kg

37.3 ± 3.1^adefh

3.5 ± 0.05^aeh

1.9 ± 0.0^ns

3.8 ± 0.6^cdeh

7.2 ± 0.4^adefh

HyL 50mg/kg

38.4 ± 2.1^aefh

2.9 ± 0.08^ah

1.6 ± 0.04 ^ns

3.2 ± 0.2^aeh

6.5 ± 0.3^ah

SoL 200mg/kg

38.1 ± 1.3^aefh

2.8 ± 0.04^ah

1.9 ± 0.06^ns

2.1 ± 0.6^ah

6.3 ± 0.8^ah

SoL 100mg/kg

39.1 ± 3.3^aefh

2.2 ± 0.06^ah

1.5 ± 0.05^ns

1.9 ± 0.7^ah

5.5 ± 0.2^ah

SoL 50mg/kg

40.9 ± 3.6^acdh

1.8 ± 0.08^ah

1.3 ± 0.04^ns

1.5 ± 0.8^ah

4.9 ± 0.6^ah

Liver

Normal control

37.3 ± 3.2^cdef

14.1 ± 1.1^cdef

5.1 ± 0.03^ns

5.2 ± 0.03^ns

10.4 ± 0.5^cdef

Diabetic control

55.1 ± 2.9^ac

10.2 ± 1.2^ah

3.2 ± 0.01^ns

4.0 ± 0.03^ns

5.8 ± 0.3^ah

Glibenclamide 10mg/kg

39.8 ± 3.1^cdefh

13.9 ± 1.0^cdef

4.9 ± 0.02^ns

4.9 ± 0.02^ns

10.1 ± 0.2^cdef

HyL 200mg/kg

45.9 ± 3.1^acdefh

12.4 ± 1.0^cde

4.1 ± 0.8^ns

4.5 ± 0.06^ns

9.6 ± 0.8^cdef

HyL 100mg/kg

47.6 ± 4.1^acdefh

11.3 ± 1.2^ah

3.6 ± 0.6^ns

4.1 ± 0.04^ns

8.2 ± 0.4^e

HyL 50mg/kg

50.8 ± 3.6^aefh

10.5 ± 1.3^ah

4.5 ± 0.4^ns

3.8 ± 0.0^ns

7.3 ± 0.9^ah

SoL 200mg/kg

51.2 ± 4.8^aefh

9.8 ± 1.8^ah

3.9 ± 0.6^ns

3.8 ± 0.08^ns

6.8 ± 0.5^ah

SoL 100mg/kg

52.6 ± 5.1^ah

9.5 ± 1.4^ah

3.2 ± 0.7^ns

3.5 ± 0.01^ns

6.1 ± 0.9^ah

SoL 50mg/kg

54.8 ± 3.6^ach

9.1 ± 1.3^ah

2.9 ± 0.3^ns

3.2 ± 0.03^ns

5.3 ± 0.5^ah

Kidney

Normal control

30.0 ± 3.4^acdef

13.8 ± 0.7^de

3.9 ± 0.5^ns

4.5 ± 0.5^f

8.0 ± 0.8^cdef

Diabetic control

58.2 ± 4.5^acd

11.0 ± 0.8^ns

1.4 ± 0.05^ns

1.2 ± 0.01^ach

3.3 ± 0.6^ah

Glibenclamide 10mg/kg

35.2 ± 3.6^cdefh

13.3 ± 0.8^de

3.5 ± 0.02^ns

4.4 ± 0.01^f

7.7 ± 0.04^cdef

HyL 200mg/kg

40.3 ± 4.6^acdefh

12.9 ± 0.9^e

2.6 ± 0.6^ns

3.9 ± 0.6^ns

7.1 ± 0.6^cdef

HyL 100mg/kg

45.3 ± 4.8^adefh

12.2 ± 1.3^e

1.9 ± 0.2^ns

2.5 ± 0.5^ns

6.2 ± 0.2^ef

HyL 50mg/kg

51.6 ± 5.2^acefh

11.8 ± 1.2^ns

4.5 ± 0.1^def

1.3 ± 0.6^ah

5.1 ± 0.5^h

SoL 200mg/kg

47.9 ± 2.5^adefh

11.5 ± 1.1^ns

2.0 ± 0.8^ns

4.1 ± 0.8^f

4.2 ± 0.02^ah

SoL 100mg/kg

52.7 ± 4.6^acefh

10.3 ± 1.5^ah

1.5 ± 0.4^ns

2.9 ± 0.4^ns

3.5 ± 0.6^ah

SoL 50mg/kg

57.4 ± 4.1^acdh

9.2 ± 1.2^ah

1.2 ± 0.2^ns

1.9 ± 0.1^ns

2.9 ± 0.4^ah

Brain

Normal control

15.2 ± 2.1^bcdeg

5.2 ± 0.4^ns

1.3 ± 0.05^ns

5.9 ± 0.01^ns

4.8 ± 0.6^deg

Alzheimer control

29.6 ± 3.1^bch

3.8 ± 0.01^ns

0.4 ± 0.02^ns

3.5 ± 0.7^ns

1.9 ± 0.8^bh

Rivastigmine 10mg/kg

18.9 ± 3.4^cdegh

4.3 ± 0.01^ns

1.1 ± 0.07^ns

5.6 ± 0.02^ns

4.6 ± 0.3^eg

HyL 200mg/kg

20.2 ± 3.1^cdegh

4.0 ± 0.9^ns

0.9 ± 0.02^ns

5.0 ± 0.4^ns

4.2 ± 0.4^ns

HyL 100mg/kg

25.6 ± 4.3^bdegh

3.8 ± 0.6^ns

0.6 ± 0.01^ns

4.4 ± 0.1^ns

3.5 ± 0.6^ns

HyL 50mg/kg

28.4 ± 4.6^bch

4.7 ± 0.8^ns

0.4 ± 0.02^ns

3.8 ± 0.5^ns

2.8 ± 0.2^ns

SoL 200mg/kg

25.5 ± 2.9^cbdegh

5.0 ± 1.3^ns

0.5 ± 0.01^ns

4.5 ± 0.03^ns

2.7 ± 0.8^ns

SoL 100mg/kg

28.9 ± 3.9^dbch

5.3 ± 1.0^ns

0.3 ± 0.03^ns

4.0 ± 0.2^ns

2.2 ± 0.3^h

SoL 50mg/kg

30.3 ± 3.4^bch

5.4 ± 1.2^ns

0.1 ± 0.01^ns

3.1 ± 0.3^b

1.8 ± 0.5^bh