Fig. 5
TFA treatment remarkably alleviates IAV-induced lung inflammation in mice. TFA (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) or PBS was gavage daily for 7 days, and PR8 was intranasally administrated at a dose of 5000 TCID50 per mouse (n = 6 mice per group). A The experimental scheme. B The viral mRNA, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (C) IL-1β, (D) IL-6, and (E) TNF-α and the type I IFN signaling related genes (F) IFN-β, (G) Mx2, (H) Oas1, and (I) Oas2 were determined by real-time PCR. β-actin was used as a control. J The protein and (K) the total cells in BALF were determined. The proportions of (L) CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils and (M) CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages in BALF were detected by flow cytometry. N The pathological changes were evaluated by H&E staining. O Phosphorylated and total levels of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK were observed in lung tissue by western blot. The intensities of bands relative to the control were measured with ImageJ software, and the results are shown below. The value are shown as means ± SD of three individual experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01