Fig. 4
Activity and composition of S. cordifolia aqueous fractions (SCAF). Cytokine expression profiles in (A) lymphocytes (splenocytes) and (B) RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line following exposure to SCAF 5. (C) Effect of SCAF fractions on haemocyte counts (per ml of haemolymph) in G. mellonella larvae 24 h post-administration (SCAF0-SCAF5; 100 μg/ml, LPS 1 μg/ml). (D) Effect of pre-treatment of G. mellonella larvae with SCAF fractions on bacterial load. Larvae were inoculated with SCAF0 or 5 (20 μl of 100 μg/ml or PBS negative control) 24 h before infection with 20 μl (2 × 103 CFU MRSA; ATCC 43300). At 48 h post-infection, larvae (n = 7) from each group were removed and the bacterial load (CFU/ml) in haemolymph was determined. (E) Monosaccharide composition of SCAF0 and SCAF5 as determined by GC-MS analysis (expressed as percentage of the total amount of monosaccharides present). All statistical analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test to compare differences between samples and negative controls (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n = 8)