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Fig. 3 | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Fig. 3

From: Extracts of Sida cordifolia contain polysaccharides possessing immunomodulatory activity and rosmarinic acid compounds with antibacterial activity

Fig. 3

Immunomodulating activity of S. cordifolia ion exchange and size fractionated aqueous fractions (SCAF) on a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) in vitro. A Macrophage phagocytic activity in response to SCAF0–5 treatment was measured using the Neutral Red phagocytosis assay and results were expressed as the optical density at 540 nm. B Production of nitric oxide indirectly by measuring NO2− production in macrophages was achieved using the Griess reagent assay and expressed as μM. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used a positive control at a pre-determined optimal concentration (1.0 μg/ml) and complete media was used as a negative control. All statistical analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test to compare differences between samples and negative controls (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n = 3). Groups are SCAF 0 (crude polysaccharide fraction of S. cordifolia); SCAF 1: Low ionic strength < 100 kDa; SCAF 2: medium ionic strength and between 10 and 100 kDa; SCAF 3: medium ionic strength and > 100 kDa; SCAF 4 high ionic strength and between 10 kDa–100 kDa; SCAF 5: high ionic strength and < 100 kDa

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