Variable | Non-TCM user, n = 54 | Past TCM user, n = 72 | Current TCM user, n = 255 | Total N = 381 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (n,%) | ||||
 18–29 | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) |
 30–39 | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) | 5 (1.3) | 8 (2.1) |
 40–49 | 7 (1.8) | 4 (1.0) | 28 (7.3) | 39 (10.2) |
 50–59 | 9 (2.4) | 24 (6.3) | 94 (24.7) | 127 (33.3) |
 60–69 | 24 (6.3) | 34 (8.9) | 107 (28.1) | 165 (43.3) |
 70–80 | 12 (3.1) | 8 (2.1) | 21 (5.5) | 41 (10.8) |
 Mean (±SD)b | 61.1 (±10.6) | 60.1 (±8.2) | 58.9 (±8.4) | 59.4 (±8.4) |
Genderb(n,%) | ||||
 Male | 40 (10.5) | 46 (12.1) | 135 (35.4) | 221 (58.0) |
 Female | 14 (3.7) | 26 (6.8) | 120 (31.5) | 160 (42.0) |
Marital Status (n,%) | ||||
 Unmarried | 7 (1.8) | 9 (2.4) | 19 (5.0) | 35 (9.2) |
 Married | 47 (12.3) | 63 (16.5) | 236 (61.9) | 346 (90.8) |
Ethnicity (n,%) | ||||
 Malay | 45 (11.8) | 64 (16.8) | 223 (58.5) | 332 (87.1) |
 Chinese | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.0) | 15 (3.9) | 22 (5.8) |
 Indian | 6 (1.6) | 3 (0.8) | 12 (3.1) | 21 (5.5) |
 Others | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (1.3) | 6 (1.6) |
Educational Level (n,%) | ||||
 No formal education | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) |
 Primary | 5 (1.3) | 7 (1.8) | 7 (1.8) | 19 (5.0) |
 Secondary | 26 (6.8) | 36 (9.4) | 93 (24.4) | 155 (40.7) |
 Tertiary | 23 (6.0) | 29 (7.6) | 153 (40.2) | 205 (53.8) |
Occupational Status (n,%) | ||||
 Unemployed | 4 (1.0) | 10 (2.6) | 35 (9.2) | 49 (12.9) |
 Employed | 14 (3.7) | 25 (6.6) | 89 (23.4) | 128 (33.6) |
 Retiree | 36 (9.4) | 37 (9.7) | 131 (34.4) | 204 (53.5) |
Household Income per Month* (n,%) | ||||
 B40 (<RM 4360) | 31 (8.1) | 35 (9.2) | 97 (25.5) | 163 (42.8) |
 M40 (RM 4360–9619) | 15 (3.9) | 28 (7.3) | 96 (25.2) | 139 (36.5) |
 T20 (>RM 9619) | 8 (2.1) | 9 (2.4) | 62 (16.3) | 79 (20.7) |
Smoking Status (n,%) | ||||
 Smoker | 6 (1.6) | 13 (3.4) | 28 (7.3) | 47 (12.3) |
 Non-smoker | 48 (12.6) | 59 (15.5) | 227 (59.6) | 334 (87.7) |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2(n,%) | ||||
 Underweight/Normal (< 22.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 13 (3.4) | 15 (3.9) |
 Overweight (23.0–27.4) | 23 (6.0) | 21 (5.5) | 61 (16.0) | 105 (27.6) |
 Obese (≥27.5) | 31 (8.1) | 49 (12.9) | 181 (47.5) | 261 (68.5) |
 Mean (±SD) | 29.3 (±4.7) | 29.7 (±4.7) | 30.2 (±5.1) | 30.0 (±4.9) |
Waist Circumference, cm (n,%) | ||||
 Normal (male < 90, female < 80) | 5 (1.3) | 3 (0.8) | 7 (1.8) | 15 (3.9) |
 Abnormal (male ≥90, female ≥80) | 49 (12.9) | 69 (18.1) | 248 (65.1) | 366 (96.1) |
 Median (IQR) | 96.0 (15.0) | 97.0 (14.0) | 97.0 (10.0) | 97.0 (11.0) |
Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg (n,%) | ||||
 Normal (< 130) | 6 (1.6) | 17 (4.5) | 56 (14.7) | 79 (20.7) |
 Abnormal (≥130) | 48 (12.6) | 55 (14.4) | 199 (52.2) | 302 (79.3) |
 Mean (±SD) | 146.8 (±14.7) | 140.2 (±14.3) | 139.8 (±14.7) | 140.8 (±14.8) |
Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg (n,%) | ||||
 Normal (< 85) | 39 (10.2) | 53 (13.9) | 193 (50.7) | 285 (74.8) |
 Abnormal (≥85) | 15 (3.9) | 19 (5.0) | 62 (16.3) | 96 (25.2) |
 Mean (±SD) | 78.7 (±10.0) | 77.9 (±9.4) | 77.3 (±10.0) | 77.6(± 9.9) |
Triglyceride, mmol/L (n,%) | ||||
 Normal (< 1.7) | 31 (8.1) | 42 (11.0) | 171 (44.9) | 244 (64.0) |
 Abnormal (≥1.7) | 23 (6.0) | 30 (7.9) | 84 (22.0) | 137 (36.0) |
 Median (IQR) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.5 (1.0) |
High-Density Lipoprotein, mmol/L (n,%) | ||||
 Normal (male ≥1.0, female ≥1.3) | 45 (11.8) | 59 (15.5) | 202 (53.0) | 306 (80.3) |
 Abnormal (male < 1.0, female < 1.3) | 9 (2.4) | 13 (3.4) | 53 (13.9) | 75 (19.7) |
 Mean (±SD) | 1.3 (±0.3) | 1.2 (±0.2) | 1.3 (±0.3) | 1.3 (± 0.3) |
Fasting Plasma Glucosea, mmol/L (n,%) | ||||
 Normal (< 5.6) | 17 (5.7) | 18 (6.0) | 69 (23.1) | 104 (34.8) |
 Abnormal (≥ 5.6) | 26 (8.7) | 41 (13.7) | 128 (42.8) | 195 (65.2) |
 Median (IQR) | 5.7 (1.8) | 5.9 (2.2) | 5.8 (1.7) | 5.8 (1.8) |
HbA1cc, % (n,%) | ||||
 Controlled (<  6.5) | 5 (4.2) | 4 (3.3) | 20 (16.7) | 29 (24.2) |
 Uncontrolled (≥ 6.5) | 12 (10.0) | 20 (16.7) | 59 (49.2) | 91 (75.8) |
 Mean (±SD) | 7.7 (±1.4) | 8.1 (±1.7) | 7.4 (±1.6) | 7.6 (± 1.6) |