Study ID | Disease/ condition | Sample size | Intervention | Duration (weeks) | Control | Lost to follow up (No. (%)) | Outcome measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrow DE 2007 [35] | Symptomatic heart failure | 65 | Wu Chian Chuan style Tai Chi, twice 55-min sessions weekly + Usual medical care | 16 | Usual medical care | 13/65 (20%) in total; I: 7/32 (21.8%); C: 6/33 (18.1%) | Safety; mood (SCL-R); QoL (MLHF) |
Caminiti G 2011 [36] | Chronic heart failure | 60 | A modified 10-form Yang-style Tai Chi, three 50-min sessions weekly + Endurance Training + Usual medical care | 12 | Endurance Training: three 50-min sessions weekly + Usual medical care | 3/60 (5.0%) in total; I: 0; C: 3/30 (10.0%) | Safety; QoL (MacNewQLMI) |
Chan AWK 2018 [37] | Hypertension | 246 | 24 simplified Tai Chi, 60 min per session, 2 sessions weekly | 12 | Control 1: Aerobic exercise Control 2: No treatment | 28/246 (11.4%) in total; I: 13/82 (15.9%); C1: 19/82 (23.2%); C2: 20/82 (24.4%) | Stress (PSS-10), Exercise self-efficacy (TCSE&SEE), QoL (SF-12) |
Cui H 2020 [38] | Chronic heart disease | 44 | Tai Chi + conventional pharmacologic therapy | 12 | Aerobic exercise + conventional pharmacologic therapy | 2/44 (4.5%) in total; C: 2/22 (9.1%) | Safety; QoL (MLHF) |
Ding FM 2013 [39] | Acute myocardial infarction after PCI | 90 | 42-form Chen style Tai Chi, at least five 60-min sessions per week + Behaviour guidance + Usual medical care + Jogging | 24 | Control 1: Behaviour guidance + Usual medical care Control 2: Jogging | NR | QoL (SF-36) |
Fan QY 2020 [40] | Coronary heart disease | 86 | Tai Chi + usual treatment and care | NA | Usual treatment and care (medication, psychological, diet, walking) | NA | QoL (SF-36) |
Gong ZY 2020 [41] | T2DM | 20 | Tai Chi (eight fundamental movements and five steps) | 12 | C1: usual medication treatment C2: Tai Chi + sand table game | NA | Depression (SDS), anxiety (SAS) |
Han QY 2010 [42] | Hypertension | 60 | 24 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, 45-60 min per session, 1-2 sessions daily + Usual medical care | 240 | Usual medical care | 2/60 (3.3%) in total; I: 0; C: 2/30 (6.6%) | Safety, QoL (SF-36) |
Li Y 2019 [43] | Chronic heart failure | 326 | Five movements and 24-form Yang style Tai Chi, 1 h per session daily + conventional treatment and care (the treatment of CHD symptoms, appropriate diets, exercises, medicine, and psychological therapy) | 24 | Conventional treatment and care (the treatment of CHD symptoms, appropriate diets, exercises, medicine, and psychological therapy) | 77/326 (23.6%) in total: I: 35/163 (21.5%); C: 42/163 (25.8%) | QoL (SF-36), Depression (SDS), anxiety (SAS) |
Liu J 2020 [44] | Chronic heart failure | 70 | 24-form Tai Chi, 50-60 min per session, twice a day + same treatment as control | 40 | Routine treatment, examination, nursing, and health education. Antidepressant amitriptyline was administered at a dose of 50–200 mg/day according to the different severity degrees of depression | 9/70 (12.9%) in total: I: 5/35 (14.3%); C: 4/35 (11.4%) | QoL (SF-36), Depression (SDS), anxiety (SAS) |
Luberto CM 2020 [45] | Heart failure | 100 | 5 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, twice 60-min sessions weekly and home practice > 3 times weekly + Usual medical care + General exercise advice | 12 | Usual medical care + General exercise advice + Health education | 4/100 (4.0%) in total; I: 1/50 (2.0%); C: 3/50 (6.0%) | Depression (EPOMS), QoL (MLFHQ), Social support (The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), Cardiac exercise self-efficacy (a 16-item measure used to assess an individual’s self-efficacy for exercise-related activities) |
Ma CH 2018 [46] | Hypertension | 158 | 24 simplified Tai Chi, two 90-min sessions weekly & home practice in group + Usual medical care | 29 | Usual medical care | 45/158 (28.5%) in total; I:24/79 (30.4%); C:21/79 (26.6%) | Social support (SSRS), Depression (CES-D), QoL (SF36) |
Ma CJ 2020 [47] | Coronary heart disease | 32 | Tai Chi (24-form simplified Tai Chi) + usual medication treatment | 12 | Usual medication treatment | 2/32 (6.25%) in total; | Safety; QoL (SF-36) |
Meng E 2014 [48] | Type 2 diabetes | 200 | Tai Chi + Health education + Diet guidance + Usual medical care | 12 | Health education + Dietary guidance + Usual medical care | NR | QoL (SF-36) |
Pan XF 2016 [49] | Chronic heart failure | 61 | 24 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, one 30-min session daily + Health education + Diet guidance + Usual medical care | 24 | Health education + Diet guidance + Usual medical care | NR | QoL (SF-36) |
Redwine LS 2019 [50] | Heart failure | 70 | Yang-style Tai Chi Chuan-Short Form (first third), twice 60-min sessions weekly and practice at home for 10-20 min/day, on non-class days + usual care (including regular visits to their cardiologist, primary care physicians, and other health specialists | 16 | resistance band (RB) (based on the Center for Disease Control’s “Move” program), twice 60-min sessions weekly and practice at home for 10-20 min/day, on non-class days + usual care (including regular visits to their cardiologist, primary care physicians, and other health specialists / usual care (including regular visits to their cardiologist, primary care physicians, and other health specialists | 11/70 (15.7%) in total; I: 4/25 (16.0%); C1: 3/22 (13.6%); C2: 4/23 (17.4%) | Depression (BDI) |
Sang L 2015 [51] | Chronic heart failure | 100 | Specially designed Tai Chi program, one 15-min session daily + Usual medical care | 12 | Usual medical care | NR | QoL (MLHF) |
Shen XY 2019 [52] | T2DM | 108 | Tai Chi + usual medication treatment | 12 | Usual medication treatment + walking | 7/108 (6.5%) in total; I:2/54 (3.7%); C: 5/54 (9.3%) | QoL (DAQL), Depression (GDS) |
Shou XL 2019 [53] | Hypertension | 208 | 24-Style Simplified Tai Chi + same general daily lifestyle intervention as control | 12 | General daily lifestyle advice (hypertension knowledge propaganda, propaganda for blood pressure monitoring, and healthy lifestyle self-management, such as persuasion for smoking cessation, alcohol restriction, sodium restriction, dietary balance, weight control, and general daily exercise) | 10/208 (4.8%) in total; I:6/104 (5.8%); C: 4/104 (3.8%) | QoL (SF-36) |
Song R 2021 [54] | Stroke | 34 | Tai Chi-based stroke rehabilitation program | 24 | Stroke-specific symptom management program | 5/34 (14.7%) in total; I:3/18 (16.7%); C: 4/104 (12.5%) | QoL (SS-QOL) |
Sun F 2014 [55] | Hypertension | 90 | 24 simplified Yang style Tai Chi, one 2-h session daily | 8 | Health education | 10/90 (11.1%) in total; I: 7/45 (15.5%); C: 3/45 (6.6%) | Depression (SDS), anxiety (SAS) |
Sun J 2015 [56] | Hypertension | 300 | Tai Chi in group 3 h & 2 h home practice weekly | 48 | Active controls: non-exercise-related activities such as reading | 35/300 (11.6%) in total; I: 14/150 (9.3%); C: 20/150 (13.3%) | QoL (SF-12) |
Tsang T 2007 [57] | Type 2 diabetes | 38 | Tai Chi for Diabetes (a 12-movement hybrid from Sun and Yang styles), twice 1-h sessions weekly | 16 | Sham exercise (e.g., seated calisthenics & gentle stretching) | 1/38 (2.6%) in total; I: 1/18 (5.5%); C: 0 | Safety; QoL (SF-36) |
Wang HP 2014 [58] | Type 2 diabetes | 70 | 24 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, five 40-min sessions weekly + Diet guidance + Usual medical care | 8 | Dietary guidance + Usual medical care | NR | Mood (SCL-90) |
Wang P 2009 [59] | Type 2 diabetes | 64 | 24 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, 45-60 min per session, 5-7 sessions weekly + Health education + Usual medical care | 24 | Health education + Usual medical care | 0 | QoL (SF-36) |
Wang XB 2019 [60] | Hypertension | 100 | Tai Chi (24-form simplified Tai Chi) + usual treatment and care | 12 | Usual treatment and care (medication, daily life behaviour, psychological, diet, exercise) | NA | QoL (WHO-BREF), anxiety (SAS) |
Wang XK 2013 [61] | Acute myocardial infarction after PCI | 60 | 42-form Chen style Tai Chi, five 60-min sessions weekly + Behaviour guidance + Usual medical care | 24 | Behaviour guidance + Usual medical care | NR | QoL (SF-36) |
Wang YH 2019 [62] | Chronic heart failure | 50 | Tai Chi + usual medication treatment | 8 | C1: usual treatment (medication, health education, diet guidance) C2: usual medication + Tai Chi + external counterpulsation | NA | QoL (SF-36) |
Wu F 2010 [63] | Type 2 diabetes | 40 | 24 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, 60-min per session, > 3 sessions weekly + Usual medical care | 24 | Usual medical care | NR | QoL (SF-36) |
Yao CD 2010 [64] | Chronic heart failure | 150 | 42-form Chen style Tai Chi, 5-15 min per session (30 min per session after the first month), > 5 sessions weekly + Lifestyle guidance + Usual medical care | 24 | Lifestyle guidance + Usual medical care | NR | QoL (MLHF) |
Yeh GY 2004 [66] | Chronic heart failure | 30 | 5-form simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, twice 60-min sessions weekly & home practice > 3 times weekly + Usual medical care + Dietary guidance + General exercise advice | 12 | Usual medical care + Dietary guidance + General exercise advice | 0 | Safety; QoL (MLHF) |
Yeh GY 2011 [65] | Chronic heart failure | 100 | 5-form simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, twice 60-min sessions weekly & home practice > 3 times weekly + Usual medical care + General exercise advice | 12 | Usual medical care + General exercise advice + Health education | 4/100 (4.0%) in total; I: 1/50 (2.0%); C: 3/50 (6.0%) | Safety; mood (POMS), psychosocial functioning (CESI); QoL (MLHF) |
Yeh GY 2013 [67] | Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction | 16 | 5-form simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, twice 60-min sessions weekly & home practice > 3 times weekly + Usual medical care + General exercise advice | 12 | Usual medical care + General exercise advice + Aerobic exercise, twice 1-h weekly | 0 | Safety; mood (POMS), self-efficacy (SEBES); QoL (MLHF) |
Yin NN 2020 [68] | T2DM | 68 | Tai Chi (18-form Chen-style) | 12 | C1: Healthy Qi Gong; C2: Health education (knowledge about diabetes, management interventions, nursing for complications, and healthy lifestyle behaviours) | 15/68 (22.1%) in total; I:9/33 (27.3%); C: 6/35 (17.1%) | Well-being (Index of Well-Being), depression (CES-D) |
Zhang EM 2014 [69] | Type 2 diabetes with depression (SDS > 40) | 40 | 24 simplified Yang-style Tai Chi, 60-min per session + Usual medical care | 14 | Usual medical care + Walking (80-100 steps/min) | NR | Depression (SDS) |
Zhang GW 2020 [70] | Coronary heart disease | 36 | Tai Chi + Traditional Chinese medicine (including Danshen and Suxiao Jiuxin Pills) + health education lesson | 12 | Usual lifestyle + equal amount of physical activities + Traditional Chinese medicine (including Danshen and Suxiao Jiuxin Pills) + health education lesson | 6/36 (16.7%) in total; I:1/19 (5.3%); C: 5/17 (29.4%) | QoL (CQQC) |
Zhang SQ 2011 [71] | Acute myocardial infarction after PCI | 132 | 42-form Chen style Tai Chi, 5-15 min per session (30-min session after the first month), > 5 sessions weekly + Behaviour guidance + Usual medical care | 48 | Behaviour guidance + Usual medical care | NR | QoL (MLHF) |
Zhou B 2020 [72] | Heart failure | 103 | Tai Chi + Cardiac rehab | 12 | Cardiac rehab (heath education, usual medication, diet guidance, exercise) | NA | Depression (HAMD, SDS), QoL (MLHF) |