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Fig. 4 | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Fig. 4

From: Arecae pericarpium extract induces porcine lower-esophageal-sphincter contraction via muscarinic receptors

Fig. 4

Effects of atropine on the contractions of porcine lower esophageal sphincters (LES) induced by Arecae pericarpium (A. pericarpium) extracts and arecoline. Atropine significantly inhibited (A) extracts 1 and 2 of A. pericarpium-induced (n = 4) and (B) arecoline-induced (n ≥ 4) contractions of porcine LES sling and clasp muscles. *, **, *** represent significant differences (p < 0.05) from the response caused by the corresponding cumulative volume of extract 1, 2, or arecoline only, respectively

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