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Fig. 1 | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Fig. 1

From: Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 prevents cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease mice by modulating propionic acid levels, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity, and gliosis

Fig. 1

The effects of PS128 supplementation on the cognitive function of 3 × Tg-AD mice treated with icv-STZ. A The total entry frequencies of mice in the Y maze were not different among the groups, which indicated no specific preferences for any the arms among the mice. B The spontaneous alternation rate of 3 × Tg-AD and B6 mice treated with PS128 or/and icv-STZ. For 3 × Tg-AD mice, short-term memory retrieval was better in the PS128/icv-STZ group than in the saline/icv-STZ group. C Swimming velocity of the mice in the MWM. No difference in the swimming ability of the mouse groups was observed. D Learning curves of the mice over the 4 training days of the MWM. PS128 prevented the retarded learning curve induced by icv-STZ in 3 × Tg-AD mice during the training period. E Spatial learning acquisition in the testing phase. PS128 prevented the impairment of spatial learning acquisition induced by icv-STZ in 3 × Tg-AD mice. F The long-term memory retrieval results. A probe trial was conducted 24 h after the last testing trial to evaluate long-term memory retrieval. PS128 prevented the impairment in long-term memory retrieval induced by icv-STZ in 3 × Tg-AD mice. The data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = animals 15–20/group). * P < 0.05 and *** P < 0.001 compared with the 3 × Tg-AD mice in the saline/icv-saline group. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, and ### P < 0.001 compared with the 3 × Tg-AD mice in the saline/icv-STZ group

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