Variable | Fitness walking/strolling | Buddhist prayer/attending temple | Vitamin consumption | Calcium supplementation | Fish oil supplementation | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% use | Odds ratio | p | % use | Odds ratio | p | % use | Odds ratio | p | % use | Odds ratio | p | % use | Odds ratio | p | |
Sex | |||||||||||||||
 Male | 32.4 | 1 |  | 32.4 | 1 |  | 23.5 | 1 |  | 14.7 | 1 |  | 11.8 | 1 |  |
 Female | 37.5 | 1.26 | 0.552 | 37.2 | 1.24 | 0.576 | 31.9 | 1.52 | 0.321 | 24.6 | 1.89 | 0.203 | 19.6 | 1.82 | 0.275 |
Age interval (years) | |||||||||||||||
 20–39 | 25.0 | 1 |  | 25.0 | 1 |  | 25.7 | 1 |  | 13.6 | 1 |  | 19.3 | 1 |  |
  ≥ 40 | 45.0 | 2.46 | < 0.001 | 44.5 | 2.41 | < 0.001 | 34.6 | 1.53 | 0.079 | 30.3 | 2.77 | < 0.001 | 18.5 | 0.95 | 0.851 |
Body mass index | |||||||||||||||
 Normal weight | 37.0 | 1 |  | 34.8 | 1 |  | 31.5 | 1 |  | 23.4 | 1 |  | 22.8 | 1 |  |
 Underweight | 37.5 | 1.02 | 0.945 | 41.7 | 1.34 | 0.378 | 35.4 | 1.19 | 0.608 | 29.2 | 1.35 | 0.407 | 16.7 | 0.68 | 0.358 |
 Overweight or obesity | 37.0 | 1.00 | 0.997 | 37.8 | 1.14 | 0.591 | 28.6 | 0.87 | 0.586 | 21.8 | 0.92 | 0.758 | 13.4 | 0.52 | 0.045 |
Educational level | |||||||||||||||
 High school or below | 40.1 | 1 |  | 42.9 | 1 |  | 27.7 | 1 |  | 26.6 | 1 |  | 14.1 | 1 |  |
 College or above | 33.9 | 0.77 | 0.229 | 30.5 | 0.58 | 0.016 | 34.5 | 1.38 | 0.169 | 20.7 | 0.72 | 0.197 | 23.6 | 1.87 | 0.025 |
Marital status | |||||||||||||||
 Single | 29.7 | 1 |  | 28.8 | 1 |  | 30.5 | 1 |  | 16.1 | 1 |  | 16.9 | 1 |  |
 Married, widowed, or divorced | 40.8 | 1.63 | 0.043 | 40.8 | 1.70 | 0.029 | 31.3 | 1.04 | 0.875 | 27.5 | 1.97 | 0.019 | 19.7 | 1.20 | 0.527 |
Job change related to SLE | |||||||||||||||
 No | 37.1 | 1 |  | 38.3 | 1 |  | 29.4 | 1 |  | 21.8 | 1 |  | 20.2 | 1 |  |
 Yes | 36.9 | 0.99 | 0.971 | 33.0 | 0.79 | 0.349 | 35.0 | 1.29 | 0.310 | 28.2 | 1.41 | 0.201 | 15.5 | 0.73 | 0.314 |
Employment status | |||||||||||||||
 Employed | 30.2 | 1 |  | 35.6 | 1 |  | 30.2 | 1 |  | 19.4 | 1 |  | 21.6 | 1 |  |
 Unemployed | 48.8 | 2.21 | 0.001 | 38.8 | 1.15 | 0.552 | 32.6 | 1.12 | 0.643 | 31.0 | 1.87 | 0.014 | 14.0 | 0.59 | 0.078 |
Self-report health status | |||||||||||||||
 Healthy | 34.8 | 1 |  | 32.6 | 1 |  | 22.8 | 1 |  | 16.3 | 1 |  | 26.1 | 1 |  |
 Not healthy or average | 37.8 | 1.14 | 0.602 | 38.2 | 1.28 | 0.338 | 34.0 | 1.74 | 0.049 | 26.3 | 1.83 | 0.056 | 16.2 | 0.55 | 0.039 |
Disease duration, years | |||||||||||||||
  < 10 | 29.4 | 1 |  | 30.2 | 1 |  | 22.2 | 1 |  | 16.7 | 1 |  | 16.7 | 1 |  |
  ≥ 10 | 41.3 | 1.70 | 0.027 | 40.4 | 1.57 | 0.056 | 36.0 | 1.97 | 0.008 | 27.6 | 1.90 | 0.023 | 20.0 | 1.25 | 0.444 |
Age at diagnosis, years | |||||||||||||||
 0–29 | 28.5 | 1 |  | 30.6 | 1 |  | 32.3 | 1 |  | 21.5 | 1 |  | 22.6 | 1 |  |
  ≥ 30 | 46.7 | 2.20 | < 0.001 | 43.6 | 1.75 | 0.012 | 29.7 | 0.89 | 0.605 | 26.1 | 1.29 | 0.317 | 14.5 | 0.58 | 0.056 |
Alcohol use | |||||||||||||||
 Yes | 29.6 | 1 |  | 21.0 | 1 |  | 29.6 | 1 |  | 17.3 | 1 |  | 23.5 | 1 |  |
 No | 39.3 | 1.54 | 0.117 | 41.5 | 2.67 | 0.001 | 31.5 | 1.09 | 0.752 | 25.6 | 1.64 | 0.127 | 17.4 | 0.69 | 0.223 |
Smoking | |||||||||||||||
 Yes | 11.8 | 1 |  | 23.5 | 1 |  | 20.6 | 1 |  | 8.8 | 1 |  | 8.8 | 1 |  |
 No | 39.7 | 4.95 | 0.003 | 38.2 | 2.01 | 0.098 | 32.2 | 1.83 | 0.170 | 25.2 | 3.49 | 0.043 | 19.9 | 2.56 | 0.130 |
Vigorous exercise in the past year | |||||||||||||||
 Never | 6.7 | 1 |  | 21.7 | 1 |  | 31.7 | 1 |  | 13.3 | 1 |  | 10.0 | 1 |  |
 Yes | 43.3 | 10.69 | < 0.001 | 39.9 | 2.40 | 0.009 | 30.9 | 0.97 | 0.910 | 25.8 | 2.26 | 0.043 | 20.6 | 2.34 | 0.061 |
Sleep duration/day, hours | |||||||||||||||
  ≥ 8 | 26.1 | 1 |  | 29.0 | 1 |  | 36.2 | 1 |  | 23.2 | 1 |  | 16.7 | 1 |  |
  ≤ 7 | 39.7 | 1.87 | 0.037 | 38.7 | 1.54 | 0.137 | 29.8 | 0.75 | 0.301 | 23.8 | 1.03 | 0.920 | 27.5 | 0.53 | 0.040 |
Sleeping medication use | |||||||||||||||
 No | 37.2 | 1 |  | 35.6 | 1 |  | 27.3 | 1 |  | 22.5 | 1 |  | 18.6 | 1 |  |
 Yes | 36.7 | 0.98 | 0.942 | 39.8 | 1.20 | 0.462 | 40.8 | 1.84 | 0.015 | 26.5 | 1.24 | 0.429 | 19.4 | 1.05 | 0.862 |
SLEDAI-2 K |  | 0.92 | 0.003 |  | 0.98 | 0.529 |  | 0.96 | 0.125 |  | 1.01 | 0.789 |  | 1.02 | 0.479 |
Domain of LupusQoL | |||||||||||||||
 Physical health |  | 0.90 | 0.052 |  | 0.87 | 0.011 |  | 0.89 | 0.045 |  | 0.85 | 0.005 |  | 1.14 | 0.108 |
 Emotional health |  | 1.04 | 0.498 |  | 0.97 | 0.641 |  | 1.01 | 0.895 |  | 0.94 | 0.336 |  | 0.99 | 0.841 |
 Body image |  | 1.04 | 0.474 |  | 0.97 | 0.472 |  | 0.98 | 0.756 |  | 0.99 | 0.890 |  | 1.01 | 0.885 |
 Pain |  | 1.00 | 0.921 |  | 0.92 | 0.056 |  | 0.99 | 0.895 |  | 0.94 | 0.132 |  | 1.07 | 0.257 |
 Planning |  | 1.02 | 0.709 |  | 0.94 | 0.175 |  | 0.97 | 0.448 |  | 0.92 | 0.062 |  | 1.08 | 0.217 |
 Fatigue |  | 1.06 | 0.194 |  | 0.96 | 0.342 |  | 0.93 | 0.134 |  | 0.98 | 0.706 |  | 0.99 | 0.815 |
 Intimate relationships |  | 0.96 | 0.220 |  | 0.89 | 0.002 |  | 0.99 | 0.753 |  | 0.87 | < 0.001 |  | 1.03 | 0.560 |
 Burden to others |  | 1.00 | 0.987 |  | 0.90 | 0.006 |  | 0.98 | 0.506 |  | 0.98 | 0.543 |  | 0.97 | 0.437 |