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Table 2 Weight gain, total food intake, serum inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant enzyme activity in liver at the end of the prevention phase

From: Administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of spinach improves oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats

Variables

Control

(n = 6)

High-fat

(n = 6)

High-fat + Spinach

(n = 6)

P value,

ANOVA

Weight gain (g)

94 ± 19.1a

142.8 ± 26b

116.1 ± 16.2a

< 0.01*

Food Intake (g)

152.4 ± 13.9a

175.8 ± 12.3b

159.9 ± 8.7a

0.01*

CCK (ng/l)

139.1 (103–187.5)

155.6 (128.5–216.5)

124 (114.9–133.1)

0.22†

hs_CRP(ng/ml)

3 ± 0.5a

4.1 ± 0.7b

3.2 ± 0.5a

0.01*

PTX-3 (ng/ml)

0.66 ± 0.09a

0.84 ± 0.09b

0.68 ± 0.11a

0.01*

MMP-9 (ng/ml)

0.65 ± 0.1

0.74 ± 0.1

0.62 ± 0.1

0.28

TAC (μmol/l)

227.8 ± 26.9

220.3 ± 16.7

216.6 ± 22.3

0.68

GPX (U/ml)

228.3 ± 54.2

220.8 ± 38.8

288 ± 85

0.15

SOD (U/ml)

54 ± 20.7ab

37.8 ± 14.3a

65.9 ± 9.4b

0.02*

Steatosis score

0(0–0.25)a

2(1–2)b

1(0–1)a

< 0.01†

NAS score

0.5 ± 0.83a

3.83 ± 1.16b

2 ± 1.09c

< 0.001*

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± SD for data with normal distribution and median (IQR) for those with non-normal distribution
  2. CCK = Cholecystokinin, hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, PTX-3 = pentraxin-3, MMP-9 = matrix metalloproteinase-9, TAC = total antioxidant capacity, GPX = glutathione peroxidase, SOD = superoxide dismutase
  3. Different letters show significant difference at P < 0.05
  4. † Kruskal–Wallis test