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Table 1 Anti-aging effect of LBP

From: Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in ageing and its potential use for prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Animal studies

Authors

Year

Animal model

Dosage of LBP

Treatment approach

Key findings

Remarks

Tang R, et al. [29]

2019

Drosophila melanogaster

20 mg LBP-2, 40 mg LBP-1, and 200 mg LBP, in 100 g of the basal medium.

Feeding

LBP, LBP-1, and LBP-2 all significantly extended the average life span of drosophila melanogaster. Besides, LBP can increase the antioxidant activity of both 7 days and 21 days old drosophila. It increases the level of SOD and CAT and decreases the level of MDA. Among them, LBP-2 is the most effective one.

 

Zhang Z, et al. [114]

2019

C. elegans

0, 200, 300, 400, 500 μg/mL

Exposed to different concentrations of LBP

LBP can extend the life of c. elegans by regulating sir2.1, daf-12 and daf-16, and the optimal concentration is at 300 μg/ml. LBP can increase the expression levels of SOD and CAT in c. elegans.

 

Yang L, et al. [115]

2019

Cryopreserved mice embryo

50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 μg/ml

Exposed to different concentrations of LBP

The concentration of LBP at 1600 μg/ml is too high to delay the embryo growing. Choosing 200 μg/ml as the treatment dosage. LBP inhibit the mitochondria clustering, reduce the level of ROS and increase the mtDNA copy number, expression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and AMPK. Besides, it can enhance the expression of GPX4, SOD1 and Bcl-2.

 

Zhou J, et al. [112]

2016

X-ray induced mice

50, 100, and 200 mg/kg

Intraperitoneal injection

The rate of apoptosis in BMNC of mice, the G0/G1 ratio and the MDA levels are continuously decreased after LBP treatment, whereas SOD activity is increased.

Compared with the normal saline group, there was no significant difference with 50 mg/kg LBP group, while there was a significant difference in the other LBP groups.

Zhao R, et al. [40]

2015

Sub-health mice

10, and 20 mg/kg

Gastric infusion

LBP can increase the level of SOD and GSH-px and decrease that of MDA in skeletal muscle tissue. After treatment, mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial Ca2+ were increased. A higher concentration of LBP works better.

 

Xia G, et al. [116]

2014

Zebrafish embryo

1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/ml

Continuously exposed to different concentrations of LBP

LBP showed significant resistance to replicating senescence at a concentration of 3.0 mg/ml. It can inhibit the expression level of p53, p21, and Bax, increase the expression level of Mdm2 and TERT, inhibit the apoptosis and death of zebrafish cells in early development, and alleviate the ageing of zebrafish.

 

Yi R, et al. [117]

2013

D-gal ageing mouse

LBP water solution (10, 20, 40 ml/100 g·d) for continuous 30 days (unspecified)

Gastric infusion

LBP can increase SOD, CAT and GSH-px levels in the blood and reduce MDA level. LBP can improve skin SOD activity, reduce skin MDA content, and increase Hyp content.

 

Xia G, et al. [118]

2012

Zebrafish embryos

0.125 mg/ml

Continuously exposed to LBP for 3 days.

LBP plays delaying senescence and prolonging the lifespan roles in zebrafish embryos model according to increase the expression of Mdm2 and TERT gene, meanwhile decrease the expression of Bax, p21, and p53 gene.

 

Shan X, et al. [119]

2011

SD Rats

100, 200 and 400 mg/kg

Oral treatment

After LBP treatment, the average endurance time of the rats was significantly prolonged, which was also dose dependent. Besides, LBP decreases the level of MDA, meanwhile increases the level of SOD and GPx in a dose-dependent manner.

 

Liang B, et al. [120]

2011

Aged rats

200 and 400 mg/kg

Oral treatment

LBP increase the level of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreases the level of MDA in a dose-dependent manner.

 

Li XM, et al. [121]

2007

Aged mice

200, 350 and 500 mg/kg

Gastric infusion

LBP can reduce endogenous lipid peroxidation in ageing mice, enhance antioxidant enzyme activity, and restore immune function. It increased the expression of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and the total antioxidant capacity in the tested organs and decreased the expression of MDA and LPF.

The antioxidant activity of LBP is like that of vitamin C, however, at the same dosage, LBP is much better than vitamin C. There is a synergy between LBP and vitamin C

Li B, et al. [122]

2006

Acetic lead (Pb (Ac)2) induced mice

10, 15 and 20 mg/kg

Gastric infusion

LBP could inhibit the micronucleus rates of the mice’s marrow cells in a dose-dependent manner.

A micronucleus is a form of chromosomal aberration, and the study indicates that LBP can reduce DNA damage.

Hong-Bin D, et al. [123]

2003

D-gal ageing mouse

100 mg/kg

Unspecified

Both LBP and ABP can reduce the level of AGE, IL-2 and increase the spontaneous motor activity, memory ability, and learning ability. Besides, LBP and ABP improve lymphocyte proliferation and SOD activity.

 

Clinical studies

Authors

Year

Study Design

Sample size

Population

Groups

Dosage of LBP

key findings

Limitations

Amagase H, et al. [18]

2009

A double-blind, placebo controlled RCT

50

Chinses

GoChi group: 60 mL of gouqi juice twice daily (total, 120 mL/d) vs placebo group

1632 mg/daily serving (120 mL) of LBP

Compared with the placebo group, serum SOD and GSH-Px was significantly higher, and MDA had decreased in the GoChi group. Relative to the preintervention levels, GoChi group had a significant change in the SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels. Nevertheless, in the placebo group, these differences were not statistically significant.

 

Li B, et al. [122]

2006

Prospective case series

22

Chinses

Before-after study in the same patient

100 mg of LBP twice a day (total, 200 mg/d).

After taking LBP, the speed of DNA repair was significantly improved, compared with that before taking LBP; the difference was very significant.

The experimental population were all working in a rubber factory, which may lead to a higher risk of DNA mutations. However, the shortcoming is a small sample size and short administration period.