Fig. 2

Schematic illustration of pathogenesis of OA in the literature. ROS (reactive oxygen species); NO (nitric oxide); mtDNA (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid); TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α); IL-1β (interleukin-1β); IL-6 (interleukin-6); IL-8 (interleukin-8); IL-1 (interleukin-1); MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1); MMP-13 (matrix metalloproteinase-13); SA-βgal (Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase); OA (osteoarthritis)