Fig. 4

Beneficial effects of ECS on the intracellular ATP levels in the Aβ-induced model and the H₂O₂-induced model. A Standard curve between the concentration of ATP standard and its absorbance. R² = 0.9958, indicating good linearity. B Changes in intracellular ATP among the six groups. All values are shown as the means ± SEMs from three independent studies. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc comparisons. ^#p < 0.05, vs. control group; ^aP < 0.05, vs. Aβ model group; ^bP < 0.05, vs. H₂O₂ model