Table 3 Major chemical constituents in the plant species used as ingredients of two fermented commercial herbal concoctions

1

Monsonia angustifolia E.Mey. ex A.Rich.

Triterpenoids (ursolic acid and oleanolic acid)

Anti-inflammatory and antitumour activities

[12]

Cardiac glycosides

Anti-inflammatory

[12]

Steroids

Anti-inflammatory and antitumour activities

[12, 44]

Tannins

Antitumor activity, antiviral activity, and inhibition of active oxygen, such as inhibition of lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase, and monoamine oxidase

[12, 45]

Justicidin A [9-(1′,3′-benzodioxol-5′-yl)-4,6,7-trimethoxynaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one]

Antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activities

[46]

5-Methoxyjusticidin A [9-(1′,3′-benzodioxol-5′-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetramethoxynaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one]

Anticholinesterase

[46]

Chinensinaphthol [9-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxynaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one]

[46]

Retrochinensinaphthol methyl ether [4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-9-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxynaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one]

Anthelmintic activity

[46, 47]

Suchilactone [3-(1′,3′-benzodioxol-5′-ylmethylene)-4-(3″,4″-dimethoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(5H)-one]

Antioxidant activity

[46]

Secoisolariresinol

Antioxidant activity

[48]

Matairesinol

Anticancer, Antidiabetes, and protective against heart diseases

[48]

Podophyllotoxin

Antineoplastic and antiviral properties

[48, 49]

Desoxypodophyllotoxin

Antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities

[48, 50]

Olea europaea L.

Oleuropein

Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial and antiviral activity

[51,52,53]

Caffeic acid-C-hexoside

Antioxidant, antiinflammatory

[54, 55]

Coumaric acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity

[54, 55]

Citric acid

Antioxidant activity

[54]

Hydroxytyrosol

Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties

[54, 56]

Verbascoside

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties

[54, 57]

elenolic acid

Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial and antiviral activity

[53, 54]

ligstroside

Antioxidant activity

[54]

Gallic acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties

[52, 58]

Rutin

Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-radiation, antioxidant, anti-myocardial hypoxia activity

[51, 52, 58]

Apigenin-7-Glucoside

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity

[51, 52, 58]

Quercetin

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity

[58]

Ferulic acid

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-arrhythmic, and antithrombotic activity, antidiabetic effects and immunostimulant properties

[58, 59]

Kaempferol

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporotic, antiestrogenic activities

[52, 60]

Luteolin

Antioxidant activity

[55]

2

Lens esculentum Mill.

limonene

Antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities

[61, 62]

cineole

Inflammatory

[61, 63]

Vitis vinifera L

Resveratrol (3,40,5-trihydroxystilbene)

Cyclooxygenase activity

[64]

Gallic acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties

[63, 64]

Catechin

Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antitumor properties

[64,65,66]

Proanthocyanidins

Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antitumor properties

[66,67,68]

Quercetin-O-pentoside

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity

[65]

Petunidin-3-O-glucoside

Antioxidant, α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities

[65]

Rutin

Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-radiation, antioxidant, anti-myocardial hypoxia activity

[52, 69]

Caftaric acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-obesity, anti-metabolic syndrome and neuroprotective effects.

[69, 70]

Moringa oleifera Lam.

Quercetin,

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity

[71, 72]

Kaempferol

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporotic, antiestrogenic activities

[51, 60, 72, 73]

Ellagic acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties

[72]

Gallic acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties

[64, 72]

Ferulic acid,

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-arrhythmic, and antithrombotic activity, antidiabetic effects and immunostimulant properties

[59, 72]

Chlorogenic acid

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer

[72]

Niazimicin

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer

[72]

Rutin

Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-radiation, antioxidant, anti-myocardial hypoxia activity

[52, 69]

Moringin

Antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties

[74]

Rutin

Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-radiation, antioxidant, anti-myocardial hypoxia activity

[52, 69, 72]