Characteristics | HDS users (n = 154) | HDS non-users (n = 182) | Pa | All |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
 Male | 43 (27.9) | 69 (37.9) | 0.053 | 112 (33.3) |
 Female | 111 (72.1) | 113 (62.1) |  | 224 (66.7) |
Age (mean ± SD) | 63.45 ± 2.99 | 63.66 ± 2.89 | 0.525b | 63.57 ± 2.94 |
Range | 60–71 | 60–77 |  | 60–77 |
Age group | ||||
 60–65 years | 105 (68.2) | 123 (67.6) | 0.907 | 228 (67.9) |
  > 65 years | 49 (31.8) | 59 (32.4) |  | 108 (32.1) |
Race | ||||
 Malay | 98 (63.6) | 112 (61.5) | 0.205 | 210 (62.5) |
 Chinese | 29 (18.8) | 32 (17.6) |  | 61 (18.2) |
 Indian | 15 (9.7) | 30 (16.5) |  | 45 (13.4) |
 Others | 12 (7.8) | 8 (4.4) |  | 20 (6) |
Having a spouse | ||||
 Yes | 113 (73.4) | 127 (69.8) | 0.467 | 240 (71.4) |
 No (single / divorcee / widow / widower) | 41 (26.6) | 55 (30.2) |  | 96 (28.6) |
Living arrangement | ||||
 Living alone | 24 (15.6) | 29 (15.9) | 0.930 | 53 (15.8) |
 Living with other family members / caretakers | 130 (84.4) | 153 (84.1) |  | 283 (84.2) |
Previous education | ||||
 Secondary level and lower | 101 (65.6) | 104 (57.1) | 0.118 | 205 (61) |
 Tertiary level | 53 (34.4) | 78 (42.9) |  | 131 (39) |
Employment status | ||||
 Active | 106 (68.8) | 138 (75.8) | 0.152 | 244 (72.6) |
 Retired | 48 (31.2) | 44 (24.2) |  | 92 (27.4) |
Monthly income | ||||
 Less than RM 1000 | 105 (68.2) | 92 (50.5) | 0.001 | 197 (58.6) |
 More than RM 1000 | 49 (31.8) | 90 (49.5) |  | 139 (41.4) |
Diagnosed with a medical condition | ||||
 Yes | 76 (49.4) | 79 (43.4) | 0.276 | 155 (46.1) |
 No | 78 (50.6) | 103 (56.6) |  | 181 (53.9) |
Using at least one prescription medicine | ||||
 Yes | 59 (38.3) | 72 (39.6) | 0.815 | 131 (39) |
 No | 95 (61.7) | 110 (60.4) |  | 205 (61) |
Using at least one OTC medicine | ||||
 Yes | 94 (61) | 105 (57.7) | 0.534 | 199 (59.2) |
 No | 60 (39) | 77 (42.3) |  | 137 (40.8) |
Using at least one type of medicine (prescription or OTC) | ||||
 Yes | 116 (75.3) | 142 (78) | 0.560 | 258 (76.8) |
 No | 38 (24.7) | 40 (22) |  | 78 (23.2) |
Perceived health status | ||||
 Very poor - Fair | 52 (33.8) | 105 (57.7) | <  0.001 | 157 (46.7) |
 Good - Excellent | 102 (66.2) | 77 (42.3) | 179 (53.3) | |
Felt sick in the past month | ||||
 Never | 36 (23.4) | 69 (37.9) | 0.004 | 105 (31.3) |
 At least once | 118 (76.6) | 113 (62.1) |  | 231 (68.8) |
Physical exercise at least 20 min 3 times a week | ||||
 Yes | 104 (67.5) | 97 (53.3) | 0.008 | 201 (59.8) |
 No | 50 (32.5) | 85 (46.7) |  | 135 (40.2) |
Estimated number of fruit and vegetable servings daily | ||||
  ≤ 2 | 101 (65.6) | 128 (70.3) | 0.352 | 229 (68.2) |
  ≥ 3 | 53 (34.4) | 54 (29.7) |  | 107 (31.8) |
Number of meals skipped in the past week | ||||
 0–3 | 86 (55.8) | 87 (47.8) | 0.223 | 173 (51.5) |
 4–6 | 47 (30.5) | 59 (32.4) |  | 106 (31.5) |
 More than 6 | 21 (13.6) | 36 (19.8) |  | 57 (17) |
Smoking history | ||||
 Yes | 40 (26) | 33 (18.1) | 0.086 | 73 (21.7) |
 No | 114 (74) | 149 (81.9) |  | 263 (78.3) |
Body mass indexc (mean ± SD) | 27.24 ± 3.62 | 29.07 ± 5.17 | <  0.001b |  |