Fig. 1

Effects of CETC on the production of pro-inflammatory biomarkers. The treatment of macrophages with CETC resulted in the suppression of (a) NO, (b) IL-1β and (c) PGE₂ and (d) IL-6 synthesis when stimulated with LPS, concentration dependently. Values are mean ± SD, n = 3, *p ≤ 0.05 vs. the normal; **p ≤ 0.05 vs. the LPS treated group. e-f Western blot analyses showed a significant reduction of COX-2, iNOS and TNF-α genes expression when macrophages were pretreated with CETC and stimulated with LPS subsequently. Unlike the indomethacin-treated cells, COX-1 expression of CETC-treated cells remains unaltered. β-actin expression was kept as the internal control. NC-Normal control; D-DMSO treated; IND- cells pre-incubated with indomethacin and simulated with LPS