Fig. 2

PPE improved HG-induced ECs viable impairment and reduced HG-induced intracellular ROS generation. a HUVECs were treated with optimal PPE concentrations and determined ECs viability by using MTT assay. b, c HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells were treated with optimal PPE concentrations and quantified the intracellular ROS generation by using DCFDA reagent. NAC 15 μg/mL represents a positive control of PPE treatment. b The fluorescence was observed under fluorescence microscopy with FITC filter. c The fluorescence was also determined by microplate reader at 485 nm excitation/535 nm emission. Each bar represents in mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05 (One way-ANOVA, 2-time independent, n = 6)