Characteristic | Regularly Practiced Eye Exercises | Did Not Regularly Practice Eye Exercises | Standardized Differencea, % | P Valueb | Differences Between Means 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1217 | n = 874 | ||||
Age, years, mean (SD) | 10.40 (1.05) | 10.48 (1.18) | −7.6 | 0.240 | (−0.228, 0.058) |
Data missing | 2 (0.2) | 0 | |||
Male, n (%) | 596 (48.56) | 428 (48.62) | −0.1 | 0.977 | (− 0.044, 0.043) |
Baseline myopia, diopters, mean (SD) | −3.14 (0.95) | −3.18 (0.95) | − 3.8 | 0.435 | (−0.128, 0.055) |
Baseline uncorrected VA, mean (SD) | 0.53 (0.21) | 0.54 (0.23) | −2.0 | 0.704 | (−0.027, 0.018) |
Have eyeglasses at baseline, n (%)c | 170 (14.05) | 122 (13.84) | 0.6 | 0.901 | (−0.031, 0.035) |
Received free eyeglasses, n(%)d | 815 (66.88) | 577 (66.13) | 1.6 | 0.894 | (−0.104, 0.119) |
Near work, h/wk, mean (SD) | 7.21 (3.58) | 7.42 (3.74) | −5.6 | 0.298 | (−0.593, 0.183) |
Data missing | 1 (0.1) | 0 | |||
Middle distance work, h/wk, mean (SD) | 4.86 (4.11) | 4.95 (4.25) | −2.2 | 0.688 | (−0.535, 0.354) |
Data missing | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | |||
Outdoor time, h/wk, mean (SD) | 8.18 (3.94) | 7.94 (3.98) | 6.0 | 0.329 | (−0.243, 0.722) |
Data missing | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | |||
≥ 1 parent wears eyeglasses, n (%) | 401 (33.03) | 340 (38.87) | −12.2 | 0.010 | (−0.103, −0.014) |
Data missing | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | |||
≥ 1 Parent with > 12 y of education, n (%) | 241 (19.53) | 181 (21.29) | −4.4 | 0.392 | (−0.058, 0.023) |
Data missing | 14 (1.2) | 10 (1.1) | |||
Both parents out-migrated for work, n(%) | 133 (10.62) | 95 (11.45) | −2.7 | 0.528 | (−0.034, 0.018) |
Data missing | 12 (1.0) | 10 (1.1) | |||
Family wealth index, mean (SD) | 2.16 (0.76) | 1.97 (0.75) | 25.0 | 0.000 | (0.104, 0.275) |
Data missing | 43 (3.5) | 30 (3.4) |