Table 3 Non-plant resources used as cosmeceuticals in Vhembe district municipality, Limpopo province, South Africa
Local/common name(s) | Type of natural resource | aF | Use-value | bRFC | Method(s) of preparation and administration | cLocation(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle fat | Cattle fat | 9 | 0.014 | 0.12 | The milk is fermented and boiled to make oil which is applied as a skin moisturiser. | Tshakuma Luvhimbi Khakhanwa Tshamutilikwa Folovhodwe Shigalo |
Cow dung | Manure | 3 | 0.038 | 0.04 | The moist manure is applied on the feet and washed with water to remove cracks. Manure is also mixed with menstruation blood to remove silver stripes. | Tshakuma |
Cow milk | Milk | 5 | 0.014 | 0.07 | The milk is cooked to make a cream and applied topically as a skin moisturiser. | Tshakuma Khakhanwa |
Goat | Manure | 1 | 0.014 | 0.01 | The manure is burned and applied for the removal of rash | Khakhanwa |
Green algae of river (Hololo) | Fungi | 3 | 0.038 | 0.04 | Hololo is burned and mixed with leaves of musuma to treat ringworms. The algae are burned and applied on wounds for healing | Luvhimbi |
Khedi | Soil | 1 | 0.014 | 0.01 | Soil particles are ground to a fine powder and applied on the face for enhancing the complexion | Tshakuma |
Lizard manure | Manure | 1 | 0.014 | 0.01 | The manure is crushed and applied directly to a wound for healing. | Tshamutilikwa |
Luvhundi soil | Soil | 17 | 0.042 | 0.23 | The soil is mixed with oil or water and applied on the feet to remove cracks. It is also applied as a sun protector. Soil is mixed with oil to remove rash. | Tshakuma Luvhimbi Khakhanwa Folovhodwe Shigalo |
Mafhura tharu/ntlharo | Python fat | 13 | 0.042 | 0.18 | Python fat is extracted by frying the python and the oil is applied on burned skin and wounds for healing and removal of scars. | Tshakuma Tshamutilikwa Khakhanwa Folovhodwe |
Marumbuda White/green substance on stones usually after heavy rain | Fungi | 1 | 0.042 | 0.01 | Applied to the skin for the removal of stretchmarks, ringworms and rash. | Tshakuma Folovhodwe |
Mtaba (sand) | Soil | 1 | 0.014 | 0.01 | The soil is rubbed on the teeth for cleansing. | Tshakuma |
Munyaka soil | Yellow and brown soil | 2 | 0.014 | 0.03 | The soil is applied directly to the face as a make-up foundation. | Khakhanwa |
Munyaka stone | Stone | 2 | 0.014 | 0.01 | The stone is crushed to a fine powder and mixed with water to soften the skin. | Luvhimbi |
Ngulube daka | Oil/fat | 1 | 0.014 | 0.01 | Pig fat is applied as skin moisturizer. | Tshakuma |
Nguluvhe/Honje | Pig fat | 50 | 0.056 | 0.70 | The oil is extracted by cooking and used as a skin moisturiser and to remove cracks. Also used as soap to soften and protect the skin. | Tshakuma Tshamutilikwa Luvhimbi Khakhanwa Shigalo Folovhodwe |
Salt water/sea water | Water | 2 | 0.038 | 0.03 | Salt and seawater are used to remove rash and ringworms. | Shigalo |
Sandy Soil | Soil | 11 | 0.014 | 0.15 | The sandy soil is rubbed on the teeth for cleansing. It is mixed with water and rubbed on the skin for the removal of dirt | Tshakuma Luvhimbi Folovhodwe Shigalo |
Stone | Stone | 18 | 0.038 | 0.25 | The stone is used to scrub the feet to remove cracks and dirt removal. | Tshakuma Luvhimbi Khakhanwa Folovhodwe Shigalo |
Tshinyai | Soot | 3 | 0.038 | 0.04 | Soot is mixed with oil and applied on the skin to remove rash and stretchmark. | Tshakuma Luvhimbi Tshamutilikwa Shigalo |
Urine | Urine | 3 | 0.014 | 0.04 | The urine is applied to burned skin for healing. | Tshakuma Shigalo |
White mountain stone | Stone | 5 | 0.038 | 0.07 | The stone is ground into powder form and rubbed on the teeth for cleaning and whitening. | Tshakuma Shigalo |
Wood ashes/coal | Ashes | 11 | 0.056 | 0.15 | The wood coal is ground and rubbed on the teeth for cleansing. It is also applied around the eyes as make-up. The wood coal is ground and mixed with oil to dye and soften the hair. | Tshakuma Luvhimbi Folovhodwe Shigalo |