Fig. 2

Protective effect of C3G against glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity and cell death in HT22 cells. (a) Cells were treated with C3G (0–100 μM) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. (b) After indicated treatment for 24 h, followed by 5 mM glutamate for 18 h, cell viability was detected using the MTT assay and (c) cell death was measured using LDH assay. (d) Cells were pretreated C3G (0–1 μM) and followed by 5 mM glutamate, mode of cell death was examined by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, and analyzed using flow cytometry. The cell population at different stages are shown. (e) Histogram represents the percentage of cell death (white bar: apoptosis and black bar: necrosis). (f) Morphology of treated cells were observed under microscope (scale bar is 50 μm). The data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4). ^#p < 0.05 versus non-treated control, ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 versus 5 mM glutamate-treated cells